Charasmatic Leader free essay sample

The German humanist Max Weber is the individual liable for presentation the possibility of allure just like a kind of administration. Weber accepted that pioneers who had alluring authority characteristics were exceptionally regarded people. Talcott Parson is generally attributed with bringing in Weber’s thoughts to the United States. Lowell Bennion was the main individual answerable for making accessible Weber’s unique thoughts in the United States. (Papers, 2009) There is a lot of debate about whether allure is guaranteed or acquire characteristic and in the event that it prompts compelling pioneers. An appealling pioneer is one who pulls in devotees through their character and capacity to constrain individuals in their mind. These pioneers will in general have articulate talking aptitudes that empower them to force or enrapture a crowd of people, great listening aptitudes that cause the speaker to feel significant, an inspirational mentality, and the capacity to motivate the individuals enthusiastically. They can likewise center a lot of consideration in perusing their condition and are acceptable at sussing out the temperaments and concerns their crowd. This permits them to sharpen their activities/words to suit the circumstance. (Ronald E. Riggio, 2012) Charisma can likewise have a negative effect. Some charming pioneers can lead individuals into odious activities. A youthful official, Napoleon Bonaparte, in the French armed force was effective in light of the fact that he naturally thought about human conduct and the way that one expected to demonstrate thankfulness to the individuals who helped you succeed. A genuine case of this was after a key triumph; Bonaparte requested the gold and silver seized from those vanquished when he at that point dropped to his officers as much appreciated. Napoleon’s moxy inevitably drove his military into fights (Russia) that counsels esteemed not worth this hazard and his detainment. (McManus) Good instances of charming pioneers incorporate Martin Luther King Jr. , Gandhi, and Winston Churchill; they were known as powerful, charming and persuasive pioneers. (Ronald E. Riggio, 2012) King utilized his appeal to help change a country comprehends of equivalent rights across racial lines. Gandhi utilized his appeal to stand up openly on human rights segregation and entrancing groups with his enthusiasm. Churchill utilized his endowment of mystique to motivate individuals to tail him by failing to back down from a battle that you put stock in. (McManus) Characteristics of a Charismatic Leader Charismatic pioneers are known to pull in adherents and motivate individuals higher than ever (Basu). Drawing in supporters and motivating individuals takes a specific kind of character or certain attributes. Individuals just don’t follow any single individual. Something attracts individuals and once in these individuals can be propelled to get things done. A few people, similar to Charles Manson, attracted devotees and motivated them to kill; while a few people, similar to Gandhi, attracted adherents and enlivened them to be better individuals. (Basu), (Rosenberg, Charles Manson), (Rosenberg, Gandhi-Biography of Mahatma Gandhi) Manson and Gandhi had certain qualities that attracted individuals to them the primary spot. These may have included development, relational abilities, lowliness, and substance. Different characteristics incorporate driving as well as being preferred, thinking about others before thinking about your, commending life and moving eagerness, seeing the best in individuals and diverting it, managing in expectation and spreading the treats (Alain, 2011). Charming pioneers don't really have these characteristics yet these eventual what to search for while picking an appealling pioneer. (Alain, 2011) Charismatic pioneers should be adult. This doesn't allude to age. This development is a development of shrewdness over years through experience. This shrewdness can be ready to go or it very well may be in whatever territory the individual exceeds expectations. Manson, for instance, realized how to attract ladies and utilized that information to begin a faction. (Basu), (Rosenberg, Charles Manson) Communication is a key trademark. Pioneers must have the option to spur their adherents and offer data and subtleties. This comes through incredible relational abilities. Realizing how to address a gathering and how to make troublesome data straightforward permits a leader’s devotees to recognize what to do and how to do the game plan. Relational abilities likewise help the pioneer to motivate his supporters. Gandhi had extraordinary relational abilities and roused many, numerous supporters. (Basu), (Rosenberg, Gandhi-Biography of Mahatma Gandhi) Humility is another trademark a magnetic pioneer has. A few people don't feel lowliness and appeal can coincide yet they can. Modesty comes when a pioneer tunes in to the worries of their adherents. They persuade their adherents the estimation of their commitments in satisfying the drawn out objectives and interests. This modesty rouses devotees to become steadfast which is fundamental to the endurance of the gathering (Basu). The last trademark a charming pioneer must have is substance. A magnetic pioneer can't simply depend on streak for long. Adherents need substance. They need something enduring. The leader’s activities must match his words (Basu). Anything a pioneer says must remain in the brain of his devotees. Without enduring effect the pioneer will bomb in keeping his adherents. In business this is significant in light of the fact that, albeit, streak got you in the entryway, the substance will make sure about and keep the deal. (Basu) An appealling pioneer additionally should be enjoyed, he can't simply lead. John F. Kennedy was an amiable pioneer. He didn't utilize animal power however attracted individuals to him through his activities. This made his adherents readily acknowledge him and become steadfast constituents who casted a ballot him into a Senate seat and afterward the administration. (John F. Kennedy) A magnetic pioneer must place the government assistance of others over him. This was a characteristic of Gandhi. He yielded things throughout his life so as to help better others. He got a wide after of individuals and his ways are as yet being utilized today. (Rosenberg, Gandhi-Biography of Mahatma Gandhi) A magnetic pioneer must motivate eagerness and commend life. This festival of life and excitement in doing all things moves others to follow. This festival is done in any event, for the littlest minutes (Alain, 2011). It is just a fundamental brain science of glad individuals will pull in other cheerful individuals (Alain, 2011). Magnetic pioneers must see the best in their adherents and channel it. Indicating thankfulness for the capability of others is a key factor on picking up and keeping adherents. This likewise causes the adherents to stay faithful to the pioneer. This is significant in business. The representatives or colleagues must work solidly and bolster their chief or group pioneer completely all together for the shared objective to be accomplished. That objective is achievement. (Alain, 2011) Napoleon Bonaparte said â€Å"Leaders are sellers in hope† (Alain, 2011). Being idealistic is an extraordinary quality for the magnetic pioneer. This idealism and expectation shows adherents their pioneer trusts in them and emphatically underpins them. This positive thinking additionally assists adherents with knowing their fantasies and objectives are an attainable reality. (Alain, 2011) The last quality a charming pioneer ought to have is figuring out how to spread the treats. The alluring pioneer has a great deal of qualities, encounters, aptitudes and information (Alain, 2011). Sharing these with supporters, representatives and associates permits them to feel a significant piece of the reason. This sharing likewise tells the supporters the pioneer isn't out only for himself however in the accomplishment of everybody included. (Alain, 2011) Being an appealling pioneer doesn't mean every individual has these attributes or uses them for the better great. We have seen all through time some magnetic pioneers who have utilized these qualities to just satisfy their desires. Two of these were Hitler and Manson. Others have utilized these qualities to benefit everybody and their initiative is still felt today. Two of these were Gandhi and JFK. Each appealling pioneer should utilize his capacity for the better great of all included yet devotees should be savvy enough to know when the pioneer veers off base and do not follow anymore yet attempt and lead. (Alain, 2011) Pros and Cons Everything in life has its â€Å"pros and cons†. It doesn’t matter in the event that one is a supporter or a pioneer. There are huge numbers of sorts of pioneers out there. In any case, it doesn’t matter what sort of pioneer they are, there will consistently be advantages and disadvantages. Contingent upon the kind of pioneer that individual is the thing that will reflect it. Take a magnetic pioneer for instance, and think about all the past pioneers who had these qualities and consider their professionals and their cons. Before we really expound on that, we should initially know the characteristics of that kind of pioneer. The most straightforward approach to depict a charming pioneer is that of a pioneer who is regularly thought of as â€Å"heroes that can utilize their own appeal to lead others†. This is accomplished by driving with exclusive requirements, demonstrating certainty, and passing on everything through their helpful talks. Something else is to help advocate moral strategic vision; this faces challenge to accomplish their essential goal. With each one of those traits consolidated is a formula for an appeal that â€Å"can be both a gift and a revile on society†. (Jamal, 2012) With the ability to convince individuals in a center gathering of society, the pioneer goal is for the most part to utilize capacity to serve others. By and large they attempt to show others how its done; to help mentor and create others, and thus they share acknowledgment with their adherents. This prompts the adherents to think autonomously and to scrutinize the leader’s sees. At long last it depends on â€Å"internal moral norms to fulfill authoritative and cultural interests†. All these intrigue are typically straight forward and abandons no uncertainty. Subsequently these traits are a â€Å"pro† for the magnetic pioneer. (Sims, 1994) There is a familiar adage, on the off chance that you need something terrible enough, you can have it. Unfortun

Perspectives on the Relationship between Dolphins and Humans Essay

Viewpoints on the Relationship among Dolphins and Humans - Essay Example Dolphins are seen as partners to individuals, their activities apparently non-undermining and their inspirations giving off an impression of being determined to being useful. In any case, it is muddled that the coalition that dolphins feel towards individuals is sufficiently appeared in response towards the dolphins. The accompanying investigation will give a structure to contemplating the discernments that people have concerning their associations with dolphins. As a result of their high knowledge there is some theory that they ought to be considered ‘persons’. White characterizes ‘human’ as a logical order with ‘person’ being a philosophical idea that can without much of a stretch be moved onto the dolphin species. The essential motivations to consider dolphins as ‘persons’ is to give them rights. White keeps on portraying the philosophical establishment for considering dolphins ‘persons’ through the reality of their high insight and in that in view of this knowledge, they ought to have the advantage of rights. The issue in crediting rights to another species is that it would struggle with the human conviction that they are the focal point of the world and the production of that world. People accept that everything inside the world are there to support mankind. White expresses that â€Å"the presence of nonhuman people would contradict everything our species has accepted abou t its uniqueness for a great many years†.

Local Churches Provide Alternatives to Louisiana Payday Loans - OppLoans

Local Churches Provide Alternatives to Louisiana Payday Loans - OppLoans Local Churches Provide Alternatives  to Louisiana Payday LoansInside Subprime:  May 6, 2019By Lindsay FrankelIn 2013, a group of churches in Shreveport came together to combat a problem impacting residents of the Highland neighborhood: Financially desperate people were turning to payday loans, which have high interest rates that only exacerbate financial hardship. The results was a program called Hand Up.One of our church members was noticing how many payday loan places were here in the neighborhood, said John Henson, Pastor at Church for the Highlands. Just looking within a mile radius of this building there were 12 businesses that he counted.Highland Center Ministries, a coalition of 14 churches, worked with Pelican State Credit Union to issue the loans to people in need. And the loans provided are a much safer, more affordable alternative to payday loans. People can take out loans with fixed interest rates under 10 percent and use an ATM with relatively low fees. As part of the pr ogram, borrowers also work with credit counselors to plan a budget for repayment.Since the Hand Up loan program was established, it has assisted more than 80 people in accessing $130,000 in low-interest credit. One of the borrowers was Clydel Hall, a homeless veteran who couldn’t get to work without transportation. After taking out a $2,500 loan from the Hand Up program, Hall was able to find financial stability. He now receives steady income from two jobs and owns a home and two cars.What we do is work together to provide good, effective alternatives, where they can be involved in something that is going to build their credit and build their lives, said Henson.The average APR on Louisiana payday loans is 435 percent, according to data from Pew Charitable Trusts. These predatory loans are advertised as quick-fix solutions to help people manage emergency expenses, but most people can’t afford to pay them back with interest in the time allotted. The Consumer Financial Protection B ureau found that about 80 percent of these loans get renewed or rolled over, leading to an insurmountable cycle of debt.Payday loan firms cluster in low-income areas of Louisiana, targeting the most vulnerable people. The churches hoped that providing an alternative to payday loans would help the working poor escape or avoid the debt trap. Jews, Muslims, Christians, this is part of our scripture that usury is wrong and it is a sin, Henson said. It is wrong to hold people who are vulnerable to this kind of debt.Highland Center Ministries, a coalition of 14 churches, worked with a credit union to issue the loans to people in need. And the loans provided are a much safer, more affordable alternative to payday loans. People can take out loans with fixed interest rates under 10 percent and use an ATM with relatively low fees. As part of the program, borrowers also work with credit counselors to plan a budget for repayment. The money that comes in from them repaying the loan goes back int o the pot to help other people who are in need, said Henson.The loans have even helped people like Debbie Posey, who had no credit history, build enough credit to be able to borrow from traditional lending sources. For many residents of the Highland neighborhood, the Hand Up program has provided a lifeline.Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances, and check out our city and state financial guides, including Chicago,  Florida, Illinois,  Texas and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Collective Behavior - Definition of Term

Definition: Collective behavior is a type of social behavior that occurs in crowds or masses. Riots, mobs, mass hysteria, fads, fashions, rumor, and public opinion are all examples of collective behavior. It is argued that people tend to surrender their individuality and moral judgment in crowds and give in to the hypnotic powers of leaders who shape crowd behavior as they like.

President Washington s First Inaugural Address - 957 Words

From the first president George Washington to the thirty-second president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, inaugural addresses have transformed from God-filled, hopeful speeches to pleas to the nation. Washington gives a humble address, and makes many references to God to the nation assuring them that if they have faith in God, they will have faith in him, he makes it obvious to the people he’s not pleading to them for help. FDR on the other hand establishes his ethos immediately by gaining the trust of the nation, and also pleads to the people to lure them in on the subject of unemployment. Both presidents use biblical allusions to appeal to the people in their addresses. President Washington’s first inaugural address is essential to the nation, because it is the first official words spoken by an Untied States president. Since Washington is the first president there is no formal requirement to give an inaugural address, but Washington felt the need to do so. Washington being s his speech with a genuine explanation of how deeply honored he is to be bestowed with such an honor. Washington continues by explaining to America the reservations that he has that he is to perform as a lower being to the â€Å"grateful remembrance of former instances† thus referring to God. He excuses himself as it would be â€Å"improper to omit† the â€Å"Almighty Being who rules over the universe† and who is ubiquitous among every person in American. Washington proceeds to explain that it is the role of God, notShow MoreRelatedPresident John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address1532 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln, January 21, 2013 Barack Obama, and April 20, 1961 John F. Kennedy. What do all these dates and names have in common is a question you may ask. One is that each name is of one of the many presidents of the United States. Two is the dates are the dates of each ones Inaugural address. The first ever Inaugural address w as done April 30, 1789 by none other than the United States first president George Washington. Many have heard and Inaugural address butRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln850 Words   |  4 Pagesamateur he wanted to make his mark. In 1861, Abraham Lincoln became the sixteenth president of the United States; he rose to become one of the greatest presidents. As President, he built the Republican Party into a powerful national organization. In addition, he massed most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, he gained more power and authority than any president before him. He preserved the Union, strengthened the federal government, modernizedRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1095 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1861 Abraham Lincoln became the sixteen president of the United States. He had the Proclamation of declaring forever to free slaves within the Confederacy in the year 1863. 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The speech was written by Jonathan Favreau. In an inaugural address, Obama touched upon several important issues; immigration, gender equality, and economic reforms and left behind the message that unity is our nation’s ultimate strengthRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influences as a child. His childhoodRead MoreLaunching The Presidency. Dr. Kristen Coopie Allen. 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In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. At the climax of his speech, JFK delivers a call to action which is also the most well-known line from his speech:Read MoreLincoln s Representation Of Lincoln1640 Words   |  7 Pagesmovies have a dominant clout on how Lincoln’s images has been established in American popular culture. Movies such as Birth of a Nation, Young Mr. Lincoln, Abe Lincoln in Illinois, and Lincoln have given audiences different glimpses of the sixteenth president. The legend of Lincoln has been created and altered in film in oder to create a hero to fit the times. This paper will focus on â€Å"Lincoln† films over a 100 year time plan from Birth of a Nation to Lincoln. This research will also show how and why

Is There Such a Thing as Two Brains - 807 Words

Is There Such a Thing as Two Brains? The human brain has always been a mystery. For many years researchers and scientists have ventured into the daunting task of understanding how the brain works. Even though they have accomplished to unearth new ideas and theories there is still an overwhelming abyss of the unknown. There is one theory that stands out the most from all others known as the right brain-left brain theory which originated from the work of Roger W. Sperry and who was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1981. Since then there have been scientific research that suggest that the brain for the most part works as a whole rather than independently divided by two hemispheres. With all of these new discoveries emerging everyday†¦show more content†¦In the past many educational organizations have had their curriculums evolve around a logical approach to teaching and in a way alienating the right-brain dominant student. Just because the professor teaches the opposite way doesn’t mean the student wil l be unsuccessful. (Leesmann, 2012) However it is safe to say that currently they have incorporated more strategies to benefit the right-brain dominant student. But is it beneficial only to the right-brain or could the left-brain also benefit from this? Could this cause the brain to evolve and thus cause both hemispheres to communicate amongst each other more? Webb (1983) asked the question â€Å"Are the hemispheres trying to create a balance with each other?† (p. 511). According to Pritchard (2008) yes, some functions are shared, in the case of language there are matched areas in both sides of the brain, but their functions are slightly different. (p. 89). A research by the American Psychological Association (2004) has also shown that in subjects such as math the brain is stronger if both halves work together. As educators continue to find new ways to incorporate the use of both hemispheres simultaneously the more the brain will be considered as one entity. There will come a time in which the division of the brain will merely be physical and not educational. Pritchard (2008) resumed it best; the almost infinite complexity of theShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Brain Interfacing Devices1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of brain interfacing devices. Brain interfacing has been used with computers, animals, and other human bein gs. Harvard and researchers Pais-Vieira and Miguel were both successful in creating a brain interfacing device that could control the movements of lab rates. Scientist have managed to create devices that can manipulate the thoughts and movements of other human beings. Brain interfacing is when scientist use computers to communicate and manipulate other living things. 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He believed that because he is a thing that thinks, then he must have some kind of consciousness or awareness of the world. Because he has consciousness, he reasons that he must exist, especially since he is aware that he is a thing that thinks. His physical body, on the other hand, has no awareness. From this stems another critical part of his philosophy which states that the mind and the body are two separate substances. This concept is called dualism. Minds are indestructible

Women battered Essay Example For Students

Women battered Essay In a conversation with my girlfriend about battered women, she said, Id never put up with that and then asked, Why would a woman stay in an abusive relationship? As relationships progress, there are more emotional and financial ties which makes it harder to leave. The average woman will leave her abuser seven or eight times before making the final break. Women may be afraid of strangers, but it is a husband, a lover, a boyfriend, or someone they know who is most likely to harm them. According to a U.S. Justice Department study, someone the woman knows commits two-thirds of violent attacks against women. In the United States, the most dangerous place for a woman is in her own home, where anger may explode into violence. Even though lower-class women have more recorded statistics on being battered, middle and upper-class women are also having to fight these same battles. However, fear of social embarrassment, harming their husbands standing in the community, and, most importantly, fear of not being believed cause middle and upper-class women to keep quiet. According to the FBI, there are approximately 1,500 women killed by husbands or boyfriends each year and there are about 2 million men who beat their partners each year. Furthermore, the FBI also states that domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women ages 15-45, more than rapes, muggings, and automobile accidents combined. Statistics on battered women are inaccurate, partially because of poor reporting techniques; women are afraid to come forth and usually there is no witness present. In order to help better define battered womens syndrome, the origins and development of the three primary theories of the syndrome and recommended treatments are outlined below. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), known in the mental health field as the clinicians bible, does not recognize battered womens syndrome as a distinct mental disorder. In fact, Dr. Lenore Walker, the architect of the classical battered womens syndrome theory, notes the syndrome is not an illness, but rather a theory that draws upon the principles of learned helplessness to explain why some women are unable to leave their abusers. Therefore, the classical battered womens syndrome theory is best regarded as an offshoot of the theory of learned helplessness and not a mental illness that afflicts abused women. The theory of learned helplessness sought to account for the passive behavior subjects exhibited when placed in an uncontrollable environment. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Martin Seligman, a famous researcher in the field of psychology, conducted a series of experiments in which dogs were placed in one of two types of cages. In the former cage, henceforth referred to as the shock cage, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the entire floor seconds later, shocking the dog regardless of location. The latter cage, however, although similar in every other respect to the shock cage, contained a small area where the experimenters could administer no shock. Seligman observed that while the dogs in the latter cage learned to run to the non-electrified area after a series of shocks, the dogs in the shock cage gave up trying to escape, even when placed in the latter cage and shown that escape was possible. Seligman theorized that the dogs initial experience in the uncontrollable shock cage led them to believe that they could not control future events and was responsible for the observed disruptions in behavior and learning. Thus, according to the theory of learned helplessness, a subject placed in an uncontrollable environment will become passive and accept painful stimuli, even though escape is possible and apparent. In the late 1970s, Dr. Walker drew upon Seligmans research and incorporated it into her own theory, the battered womens syndrome, in an attempt to explain why battered women remain with their abusers. According to Dr. Walker, battered womens syndrome contains two distinct elements: a cycle of violence and symptoms of learned helplessness. The cycle of violence is composed of three phases (illustrated below): the tension building phase, the violence phase, and the seduction phase. This also illustrates how three dynamics, love, hope, and fear, keep the cycle in motion and make it hard to end a violent relationship. During the tension building phase, the victim is subjected to verbal abuse and minor battering incidents, such as slaps, pinches and psychological abuse. In this phase, the woman tries to pacify her batterer by using techniques that have worked previously. Typically, the woman showers her abuser with kindness or attempts to avoid him. However, the victims attempts to pacify her batter are often futile and only work to delay the inevitable acute battering incident. The tension building phase ends and the violence phase begins when the verbal abuse and minor battering evolve into an acute battering incident. A release of the tensions built during phase one characterizes the violence phase, which usually last for a period of two to twenty-four hours. The violence during this phase is unpredictable and inevitable, and statistics indicate that the risk of the batterer murdering his victim is at its greatest. The batterer places his victim in a constant state of fear, and she is unable to control her batterers violence by utilizing techniques that worked in the tension building phase. The victim, realizing her lack of control, attempts to lessen the violence by becoming passive. After the violence phase comes to a close, the cycle of violence enters the seduction or honeymoon phase. During this phase, the batterer apologizes for his abusive behavior and promises that it will never happen again. The behavior exhibited by the batter in the seduction phase closely resembles the behavior he exhibited when the couple first met and fell in love. The seduction phase is the most psychologically victimizing phase because the batterer fools the victim, who is relieved that the abuse has ended, into believing that he has changed. However, inevitably, the batterer begins to verbally abuse his victim and the cycle of abuse begins anew. According to Dr. Walker, Seligmans theory of learned helplessness explains why women stay with their abusers and occurs in a victim after the cycle of violence repeats numerous times. Dr. Walker asserts that, In the domestic abuse ambit, sporadic brutality, perceptions of powerlessness, lack of financial resources, and the superior strength of the batterer all combine to instill a feeling of helplessness in the victim. In other words, batterers condition women into believing that they are powerless to escape by subjecting them to a continuing pattern of uncontrollable violence and abuse. Dr. Walker, in applying the learned helplessness theory to battered women, changed societys perception of battered women by dispelling the myth that battered women like abuse and offering a logical and rationale explanation for why most stay with their abuser. As the classical theory of battered womens syndrome is based upon the psychological principles of conditioning, experts believe that behavior modification strategies are best suited for treating women suffering from the syndrome. This wheel (illustrated below) depicts relationships as a whole and how each seemingly unrelated behavior is an important part in an overall effort to control someone. A simple, yet effective, behavioral strategy to this consists of two stages. In the initial stage, the battered woman removes herself from the uncontrollable or shock cage environment and isolates herself from her abuser. Generally, professionals help the victim escape by using assertiveness training, modeling, and recommending use of the court system. After the woman terminates the abusive relationship, professionals give the victim relapse prevention training to ensure that subsequent exposure to abusive behavior will not cause maladaptive behavior. Although this strategy is effective, the model offered by Dr. Walker suggests that battered women usually do not actively seek out help. How to Write Literary Analysis Essay The authors of the early and present theory of post traumatic stress disorder considered a traumatic event to be outside the range of human experience. Such events included rape, torture, war, the Holocaust, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, airplane crashes, and automobile accidents, but did not contemplate applying the diagnosis to battered women. Presently, the traumatic event need only be markedly distressing to almost anyone. Therefore, battered women have little trouble meeting the DSM-IV traumatic event diagnostic requirement because most people would find the abuse battered women are subjected to markedly distressing. In addition to meeting the traumatic event diagnostic criteria, an individual must have symptoms from the intrusive recollection, avoidant/numbing, and hyper arousal categories for a post traumatic stress disorder diagnosis to apply. The intrusive recollection category consists of symptoms that are distinct and easily identifiable. In individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, the traumatic event is a dominant psychological experience that seemingly would evoke panic, terror, dread, grief, and/or despair. Often, these feelings are manifested in daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares, and flashbacks. Additionally, stimuli that the individual associates with the traumatic event can evoke mental images, emotional responses, and psychological reactions associated with the trauma. Examples of intrusive recollection symptoms a battered woman may suffer are fantasies of killing her batterer and flashbacks of battering incidents. The avoidant/numbing cluster consists of emotional strategies individuals with post traumatic stress disorder use to reduce the likelihood that they will either expose themselves to traumatic stimuli, or if exposed, will minimize their psychological response. The DSM-IV divides the strategies into three categories: behavioral, cognitive, and emotional. Behavioral strategies include avoiding situations where the stimuli are likely to be encountered. Cognitive strategies include amnesia by which individuals with post traumatic stress disorder cut off the conscious experience of trauma-based memories and feelings. Lastly, the individual may separate the cognitive aspects from the emotional aspects of psychological experience and perceive only the former. This type of psychic numbing serves as an emotional anesthesia that makes it extremely difficult for people with post traumatic stress disorder to participate in meaningful interpersonal relationships. Thus, a battered woman suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may avoid her batterer and repress trauma-based feelings and emotions. The hyper arousal category symptoms closely resemble those seen in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Although symptoms such as insomnia and irritability are generic anxiety symptoms, hyper vigilance, and startle are unique to post traumatic stress disorder. The hyper vigilance symptom may become so intense in individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder that it appears as if they are paranoid. A careful reading of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and diagnostic criteria indicates that Dr. Walkers classical theory of battered womens syndrome is contained within. For instance, both theories require that the victim be exposed to a traumatic event. In Dr. Walkers theory, she describes the traumatic event as a cycle of violence. The post traumatic stress disorder theory, on the other hand, only requires that the event be markedly distressing to almost everyone. Thus, the cycle of violence described by Dr. Walker is considered a traumatic stressor for the purposes of diagnosing post traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, like the classical theory of battered womens syndrome, the theory of post traumatic stress disorder recognizes that an individual may become helpless after exposure to a traumatic event. Although the post traumatic stress disorder theory seems to incorporate Dr. Walkers theory, it is more inclusive in that it recognizes that different individuals may have different reactions to traumatic events. Furthermore, it does not rely heavily on the theory of learned helplessness to explain why battered women stay with their abusers. There are several methods a professional can utilize to treat individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. The most successful treatments are those that they administer immediately after the traumatic event. An expert would commonly call this type of treatment critical incident stress debriefing. Although this type of treatment is effective in halting the development of post traumatic stress disorder, the cyclical nature and gradual escalation of violence in domestic abuse situations make critical incident stress debriefing an unlikely therapy for battered women. The second type of treatment is administered after post traumatic stress disorder has developed and is less effective than critical incident stress debriefing. This type of treatment may consist of psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and group therapy. The most effective post-manifestation treatment for battered women is group therapy. In a group therapy session, battered women can discuss traumatic memories, post traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and functional deficits with others that have had similar experiences. By discussing their experiences and symptoms, the women form a common bond and release repressed memories, feelings, and emotions. To summarize, many experts regard battered womens syndrome as a subcategory of post traumatic stress disorder. The diagnostic criteria for post traumatic stress disorder include a history of exposure to a traumatic event and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper arousal symptoms. After exposure to a traumatic event, defined as one that is markedly distressing to almost everyone, an individual suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may suffer intrusive recollections, which consist of daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares, and flashbacks. The individual may also try to avoid stimuli that remind them of the traumatic event and/or develop symptoms associated with generic anxiety disorders. Critical incident stress debriefing, psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmaco therapy, and group therapy are all recognized as effective treatments for post traumatic stress disorder. Feminists have come up with theories in regards to why women do not leave their abuser: they cannot support themselves and their children, they are isolated from friends and family, and they have been terrorized into a state of helplessness by repeated beatings. It is also important to note that battered women usually do not have any place to go. There are half as many shelters for battered women in this country as there are for stray animals, and most do not accept children. For every two women sheltered, five are turned away; for every two children sheltered, eight are turned away. This equates to half of all homeless women and children being on the streets due to violence in the home. Although there are many different theories of battered womens syndrome, most are all variations or hybrids of the three main theories outlined above. A sound understanding of Dr. Walkers classical battered womens syndrome theory is found in Gondolf and Fishers survivor theory of battered womens syndrome and the post traumatic stress disorder theory. This permits the reader to identify the origins and essential elements of these various hybrids and provide them with a better understanding of the plight of the battered woman. Given the prevalence of domestic abuse in our society, it is important to realize that the battered woman does not like abuse or is responsible for her victimization. The three theories discussed above all offer rationale explanations for why a battered women often stays with her abuser and explore the psychological harm caused by abuse while discounting the popular perception that battered women must enjoy the abuseBibliography: