Collective Behavior - Definition of Term

Definition: Collective behavior is a type of social behavior that occurs in crowds or masses. Riots, mobs, mass hysteria, fads, fashions, rumor, and public opinion are all examples of collective behavior. It is argued that people tend to surrender their individuality and moral judgment in crowds and give in to the hypnotic powers of leaders who shape crowd behavior as they like.

President Washington s First Inaugural Address - 957 Words

From the first president George Washington to the thirty-second president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, inaugural addresses have transformed from God-filled, hopeful speeches to pleas to the nation. Washington gives a humble address, and makes many references to God to the nation assuring them that if they have faith in God, they will have faith in him, he makes it obvious to the people he’s not pleading to them for help. FDR on the other hand establishes his ethos immediately by gaining the trust of the nation, and also pleads to the people to lure them in on the subject of unemployment. Both presidents use biblical allusions to appeal to the people in their addresses. President Washington’s first inaugural address is essential to the nation, because it is the first official words spoken by an Untied States president. Since Washington is the first president there is no formal requirement to give an inaugural address, but Washington felt the need to do so. Washington being s his speech with a genuine explanation of how deeply honored he is to be bestowed with such an honor. Washington continues by explaining to America the reservations that he has that he is to perform as a lower being to the â€Å"grateful remembrance of former instances† thus referring to God. He excuses himself as it would be â€Å"improper to omit† the â€Å"Almighty Being who rules over the universe† and who is ubiquitous among every person in American. Washington proceeds to explain that it is the role of God, notShow MoreRelatedPresident John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address1532 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln, January 21, 2013 Barack Obama, and April 20, 1961 John F. Kennedy. What do all these dates and names have in common is a question you may ask. One is that each name is of one of the many presidents of the United States. Two is the dates are the dates of each ones Inaugural address. The first ever Inaugural address w as done April 30, 1789 by none other than the United States first president George Washington. Many have heard and Inaugural address butRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln850 Words   |  4 Pagesamateur he wanted to make his mark. In 1861, Abraham Lincoln became the sixteenth president of the United States; he rose to become one of the greatest presidents. As President, he built the Republican Party into a powerful national organization. In addition, he massed most of the northern Democrats to the Union cause. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, he gained more power and authority than any president before him. He preserved the Union, strengthened the federal government, modernizedRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1095 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1861 Abraham Lincoln became the sixteen president of the United States. He had the Proclamation of declaring forever to free slaves within the Confederacy in the year 1863. Lincoln directly told the South In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it. LincolnRead MoreKenny Chung. Ms. Flores . English 3-4 . April 15, 2017.1129 Words   |  5 PagesObama’s Inauguration speeches are an opportunity newly elected or re-elected president to offer the table an idealistic dream of the future, and achieve the organizations in the nation together then afterward the thing that was, more frequently over not, a bitterly fought election. These speeches are always recalled all through history and fill in as the first official speech discourse from the recently chose president. A discourse is an intense device. It can educate, illustrate, induce, or fillRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influences as a child. His childhood wasn’tRead MoreA Successful Obama Inaugural Address1334 Words   |  6 PagesShamik Patel Professor Valarie Writing Project #3 November 5, 2014 A Successful Obama’s 2nd Inaugural Address On January 21st, 2013, Barack Obama addressed the audience as the re-elected President of America in an inaugural ceremony on the West Front of Capitol. The speech was written by Jonathan Favreau. In an inaugural address, Obama touched upon several important issues; immigration, gender equality, and economic reforms and left behind the message that unity is our nation’s ultimate strengthRead MoreAccomplishments And Failures Of George Washington1738 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2017 Many Triumphs and Failures of George Washington. George Washington had enormous amounts of failures, but he had achieved great things as well. From being a young boy living in Pope’s Creek, Virginia to becoming the president of the United States. He has faced a lot of hardships and failures. But through all of his hardships throughout his life he has become the greatest president of the United States, George Washington. George Washington had early influences as a child. His childhoodRead MoreLaunching The Presidency. Dr. Kristen Coopie Allen. Alyssa1479 Words   |  6 PagesLaunching the Presidency Dr. Kristen Coopie Allen Alyssa Hamilton 5 April 2017 Inaugural Address Paper Inaugural addresses have in many respects been the first clear indication to the American public of what they have signed on to for the next four to eight years. Especially with the media in recent decades, elections have become so clouded in argument and contradiction that the inaugural address is our first chance to really listen to the new president’s goals and aspirations, without any significantRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pages NOT PRIDE BUT FREEDOM: Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Tanner A. Woody Anderson University On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered a speech with a backdrop of snow and a twenty-degree wind blowing in his face in Washington D.C. In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. At the climax of his speech, JFK delivers a call to action which is also the most well-known line from his speech:Read MoreLincoln s Representation Of Lincoln1640 Words   |  7 Pagesmovies have a dominant clout on how Lincoln’s images has been established in American popular culture. Movies such as Birth of a Nation, Young Mr. Lincoln, Abe Lincoln in Illinois, and Lincoln have given audiences different glimpses of the sixteenth president. The legend of Lincoln has been created and altered in film in oder to create a hero to fit the times. This paper will focus on â€Å"Lincoln† films over a 100 year time plan from Birth of a Nation to Lincoln. This research will also show how and why

Is There Such a Thing as Two Brains - 807 Words

Is There Such a Thing as Two Brains? The human brain has always been a mystery. For many years researchers and scientists have ventured into the daunting task of understanding how the brain works. Even though they have accomplished to unearth new ideas and theories there is still an overwhelming abyss of the unknown. There is one theory that stands out the most from all others known as the right brain-left brain theory which originated from the work of Roger W. Sperry and who was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1981. Since then there have been scientific research that suggest that the brain for the most part works as a whole rather than independently divided by two hemispheres. With all of these new discoveries emerging everyday†¦show more content†¦In the past many educational organizations have had their curriculums evolve around a logical approach to teaching and in a way alienating the right-brain dominant student. Just because the professor teaches the opposite way doesn’t mean the student wil l be unsuccessful. (Leesmann, 2012) However it is safe to say that currently they have incorporated more strategies to benefit the right-brain dominant student. But is it beneficial only to the right-brain or could the left-brain also benefit from this? Could this cause the brain to evolve and thus cause both hemispheres to communicate amongst each other more? Webb (1983) asked the question â€Å"Are the hemispheres trying to create a balance with each other?† (p. 511). According to Pritchard (2008) yes, some functions are shared, in the case of language there are matched areas in both sides of the brain, but their functions are slightly different. (p. 89). A research by the American Psychological Association (2004) has also shown that in subjects such as math the brain is stronger if both halves work together. As educators continue to find new ways to incorporate the use of both hemispheres simultaneously the more the brain will be considered as one entity. There will come a time in which the division of the brain will merely be physical and not educational. Pritchard (2008) resumed it best; the almost infinite complexity of theShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Brain Interfacing Devices1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of brain interfacing devices. Brain interfacing has been used with computers, animals, and other human bein gs. Harvard and researchers Pais-Vieira and Miguel were both successful in creating a brain interfacing device that could control the movements of lab rates. Scientist have managed to create devices that can manipulate the thoughts and movements of other human beings. Brain interfacing is when scientist use computers to communicate and manipulate other living things. One common brain interfacingRead More Left Brain vs Right Brain Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Left Brain vs The Right Brain: How Does This Impact Learning Do you ever hear some people say that, ‘I learn this way, because I’m left or right brain dominant,’ but what is your learning style? Some people go majority of their life, not knowing which learning style works for them. It is good to know what this learning style is so people can respond most effectively to the material being presented. Templeton (2003). The better people know their own learning style, the faster they can developRead MoreThe Argument of Dualism Essay960 Words   |  4 Pages dualism is a more attractive view to take when considering the mind-brain issue. The idea that the mind is a separate entity and that it is independent of the physical body is the central point of dualism. One reason it appeals to me is because of my religion, my Catholic upbringing. Introspection is another good reason why dualism is a little more logical to me than materialism.. It logically explains why the mind and brain are separate. Also, the divisibility argument r aises good points to allowRead MoreDualism And Belief That The Mind And Brain Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between the minds and the brains and that they are ultimately separate entities. By defending dualism, Moreland seeks to make nonbelievers believe in immaterial souls, while discrediting materialism. We can look at the arguments in which Moreland uses to support the argument of dualism and belief that the mind and brain are separate entities. Dualism is defined as a belief that mental occurrences are more than just a physical act. Humans are composed of two kinds of substances which are immaterialRead MoreThe Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brain and Cranial Nerves One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information, and analyzing the information. The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Cranial nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves with both motor and sensory functions are responsible for everything from tastingRead MoreDualism1476 Words   |  6 Pagessoul, physicalism is the view that your mental life consists of physical processes in your brain. I hold the position that Physicalism is more plausible than dualism, my argument will be to look at Nagels opinions of both the philosophies and then draw my own conclusion about which is more plausible and finally consider the possibility about whether or not there is an option that a combination of the two could stand with a valid argument. In considering the view that dualism is a more plausibleRead MoreEssay about the human brain537 Words   |  3 Pagesthe brain and their functions. Although the brain isn’t the largest organ of the human body it is the most complex and controlling organ. It is amazing how complicated the brain is. The brain controls every action within and out of your body. The brain has main areas that contain different areas that have specific functions. For instance the basal ganglia holds the lentiform and the caudate. The brain isn’t just â€Å"THE BRAIN† it is actually a group of many parts. They help to inform the brain on theRead MoreThe Mind And The Brain1053 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference in the mind and the brain? These genius minds have searched without sleep trying to figure out this question, but, the puzzles behind our consciousness remain unsolved and unreachable. Philosophers such as Peter Carruthers argue that the mind is the brain and that objections like those made by, philosopher, Frank Jackson, are based on a â€Å"conflation of know-how with knowing-that. Again, we are left with the question of whether or not the mind is the brain or if the mind is a completelyRead MoreFree Will And The Science Of The Brain1247 Words   |  5 Pages: Free Will and the Science of the Brain†. The author has made several points about the topic and has shared some researchers which either proves that the point is right or shows that it is quite wrong. However, his main argumen t is that human beings have been made believe the fact that their minds control the functioning of the whole body and all their thought process, as well as all the things they do, is not the correct assumption. The two parts of the brain are not even familiar with the processRead MorePhilosophy Of Rene Descartes860 Words   |  4 Pagestherefore, I am (Descartes, 2008). He believed that because he is a thing that thinks, then he must have some kind of consciousness or awareness of the world. Because he has consciousness, he reasons that he must exist, especially since he is aware that he is a thing that thinks. His physical body, on the other hand, has no awareness. From this stems another critical part of his philosophy which states that the mind and the body are two separate substances. This concept is called dualism. Minds are indestructible

Women battered Essay Example For Students

Women battered Essay In a conversation with my girlfriend about battered women, she said, Id never put up with that and then asked, Why would a woman stay in an abusive relationship? As relationships progress, there are more emotional and financial ties which makes it harder to leave. The average woman will leave her abuser seven or eight times before making the final break. Women may be afraid of strangers, but it is a husband, a lover, a boyfriend, or someone they know who is most likely to harm them. According to a U.S. Justice Department study, someone the woman knows commits two-thirds of violent attacks against women. In the United States, the most dangerous place for a woman is in her own home, where anger may explode into violence. Even though lower-class women have more recorded statistics on being battered, middle and upper-class women are also having to fight these same battles. However, fear of social embarrassment, harming their husbands standing in the community, and, most importantly, fear of not being believed cause middle and upper-class women to keep quiet. According to the FBI, there are approximately 1,500 women killed by husbands or boyfriends each year and there are about 2 million men who beat their partners each year. Furthermore, the FBI also states that domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women ages 15-45, more than rapes, muggings, and automobile accidents combined. Statistics on battered women are inaccurate, partially because of poor reporting techniques; women are afraid to come forth and usually there is no witness present. In order to help better define battered womens syndrome, the origins and development of the three primary theories of the syndrome and recommended treatments are outlined below. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), known in the mental health field as the clinicians bible, does not recognize battered womens syndrome as a distinct mental disorder. In fact, Dr. Lenore Walker, the architect of the classical battered womens syndrome theory, notes the syndrome is not an illness, but rather a theory that draws upon the principles of learned helplessness to explain why some women are unable to leave their abusers. Therefore, the classical battered womens syndrome theory is best regarded as an offshoot of the theory of learned helplessness and not a mental illness that afflicts abused women. The theory of learned helplessness sought to account for the passive behavior subjects exhibited when placed in an uncontrollable environment. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Martin Seligman, a famous researcher in the field of psychology, conducted a series of experiments in which dogs were placed in one of two types of cages. In the former cage, henceforth referred to as the shock cage, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the entire floor seconds later, shocking the dog regardless of location. The latter cage, however, although similar in every other respect to the shock cage, contained a small area where the experimenters could administer no shock. Seligman observed that while the dogs in the latter cage learned to run to the non-electrified area after a series of shocks, the dogs in the shock cage gave up trying to escape, even when placed in the latter cage and shown that escape was possible. Seligman theorized that the dogs initial experience in the uncontrollable shock cage led them to believe that they could not control future events and was responsible for the observed disruptions in behavior and learning. Thus, according to the theory of learned helplessness, a subject placed in an uncontrollable environment will become passive and accept painful stimuli, even though escape is possible and apparent. In the late 1970s, Dr. Walker drew upon Seligmans research and incorporated it into her own theory, the battered womens syndrome, in an attempt to explain why battered women remain with their abusers. According to Dr. Walker, battered womens syndrome contains two distinct elements: a cycle of violence and symptoms of learned helplessness. The cycle of violence is composed of three phases (illustrated below): the tension building phase, the violence phase, and the seduction phase. This also illustrates how three dynamics, love, hope, and fear, keep the cycle in motion and make it hard to end a violent relationship. During the tension building phase, the victim is subjected to verbal abuse and minor battering incidents, such as slaps, pinches and psychological abuse. In this phase, the woman tries to pacify her batterer by using techniques that have worked previously. Typically, the woman showers her abuser with kindness or attempts to avoid him. However, the victims attempts to pacify her batter are often futile and only work to delay the inevitable acute battering incident. The tension building phase ends and the violence phase begins when the verbal abuse and minor battering evolve into an acute battering incident. A release of the tensions built during phase one characterizes the violence phase, which usually last for a period of two to twenty-four hours. The violence during this phase is unpredictable and inevitable, and statistics indicate that the risk of the batterer murdering his victim is at its greatest. The batterer places his victim in a constant state of fear, and she is unable to control her batterers violence by utilizing techniques that worked in the tension building phase. The victim, realizing her lack of control, attempts to lessen the violence by becoming passive. After the violence phase comes to a close, the cycle of violence enters the seduction or honeymoon phase. During this phase, the batterer apologizes for his abusive behavior and promises that it will never happen again. The behavior exhibited by the batter in the seduction phase closely resembles the behavior he exhibited when the couple first met and fell in love. The seduction phase is the most psychologically victimizing phase because the batterer fools the victim, who is relieved that the abuse has ended, into believing that he has changed. However, inevitably, the batterer begins to verbally abuse his victim and the cycle of abuse begins anew. According to Dr. Walker, Seligmans theory of learned helplessness explains why women stay with their abusers and occurs in a victim after the cycle of violence repeats numerous times. Dr. Walker asserts that, In the domestic abuse ambit, sporadic brutality, perceptions of powerlessness, lack of financial resources, and the superior strength of the batterer all combine to instill a feeling of helplessness in the victim. In other words, batterers condition women into believing that they are powerless to escape by subjecting them to a continuing pattern of uncontrollable violence and abuse. Dr. Walker, in applying the learned helplessness theory to battered women, changed societys perception of battered women by dispelling the myth that battered women like abuse and offering a logical and rationale explanation for why most stay with their abuser. As the classical theory of battered womens syndrome is based upon the psychological principles of conditioning, experts believe that behavior modification strategies are best suited for treating women suffering from the syndrome. This wheel (illustrated below) depicts relationships as a whole and how each seemingly unrelated behavior is an important part in an overall effort to control someone. A simple, yet effective, behavioral strategy to this consists of two stages. In the initial stage, the battered woman removes herself from the uncontrollable or shock cage environment and isolates herself from her abuser. Generally, professionals help the victim escape by using assertiveness training, modeling, and recommending use of the court system. After the woman terminates the abusive relationship, professionals give the victim relapse prevention training to ensure that subsequent exposure to abusive behavior will not cause maladaptive behavior. Although this strategy is effective, the model offered by Dr. Walker suggests that battered women usually do not actively seek out help. How to Write Literary Analysis Essay The authors of the early and present theory of post traumatic stress disorder considered a traumatic event to be outside the range of human experience. Such events included rape, torture, war, the Holocaust, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, airplane crashes, and automobile accidents, but did not contemplate applying the diagnosis to battered women. Presently, the traumatic event need only be markedly distressing to almost anyone. Therefore, battered women have little trouble meeting the DSM-IV traumatic event diagnostic requirement because most people would find the abuse battered women are subjected to markedly distressing. In addition to meeting the traumatic event diagnostic criteria, an individual must have symptoms from the intrusive recollection, avoidant/numbing, and hyper arousal categories for a post traumatic stress disorder diagnosis to apply. The intrusive recollection category consists of symptoms that are distinct and easily identifiable. In individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, the traumatic event is a dominant psychological experience that seemingly would evoke panic, terror, dread, grief, and/or despair. Often, these feelings are manifested in daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares, and flashbacks. Additionally, stimuli that the individual associates with the traumatic event can evoke mental images, emotional responses, and psychological reactions associated with the trauma. Examples of intrusive recollection symptoms a battered woman may suffer are fantasies of killing her batterer and flashbacks of battering incidents. The avoidant/numbing cluster consists of emotional strategies individuals with post traumatic stress disorder use to reduce the likelihood that they will either expose themselves to traumatic stimuli, or if exposed, will minimize their psychological response. The DSM-IV divides the strategies into three categories: behavioral, cognitive, and emotional. Behavioral strategies include avoiding situations where the stimuli are likely to be encountered. Cognitive strategies include amnesia by which individuals with post traumatic stress disorder cut off the conscious experience of trauma-based memories and feelings. Lastly, the individual may separate the cognitive aspects from the emotional aspects of psychological experience and perceive only the former. This type of psychic numbing serves as an emotional anesthesia that makes it extremely difficult for people with post traumatic stress disorder to participate in meaningful interpersonal relationships. Thus, a battered woman suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may avoid her batterer and repress trauma-based feelings and emotions. The hyper arousal category symptoms closely resemble those seen in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Although symptoms such as insomnia and irritability are generic anxiety symptoms, hyper vigilance, and startle are unique to post traumatic stress disorder. The hyper vigilance symptom may become so intense in individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder that it appears as if they are paranoid. A careful reading of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and diagnostic criteria indicates that Dr. Walkers classical theory of battered womens syndrome is contained within. For instance, both theories require that the victim be exposed to a traumatic event. In Dr. Walkers theory, she describes the traumatic event as a cycle of violence. The post traumatic stress disorder theory, on the other hand, only requires that the event be markedly distressing to almost everyone. Thus, the cycle of violence described by Dr. Walker is considered a traumatic stressor for the purposes of diagnosing post traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, like the classical theory of battered womens syndrome, the theory of post traumatic stress disorder recognizes that an individual may become helpless after exposure to a traumatic event. Although the post traumatic stress disorder theory seems to incorporate Dr. Walkers theory, it is more inclusive in that it recognizes that different individuals may have different reactions to traumatic events. Furthermore, it does not rely heavily on the theory of learned helplessness to explain why battered women stay with their abusers. There are several methods a professional can utilize to treat individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. The most successful treatments are those that they administer immediately after the traumatic event. An expert would commonly call this type of treatment critical incident stress debriefing. Although this type of treatment is effective in halting the development of post traumatic stress disorder, the cyclical nature and gradual escalation of violence in domestic abuse situations make critical incident stress debriefing an unlikely therapy for battered women. The second type of treatment is administered after post traumatic stress disorder has developed and is less effective than critical incident stress debriefing. This type of treatment may consist of psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and group therapy. The most effective post-manifestation treatment for battered women is group therapy. In a group therapy session, battered women can discuss traumatic memories, post traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and functional deficits with others that have had similar experiences. By discussing their experiences and symptoms, the women form a common bond and release repressed memories, feelings, and emotions. To summarize, many experts regard battered womens syndrome as a subcategory of post traumatic stress disorder. The diagnostic criteria for post traumatic stress disorder include a history of exposure to a traumatic event and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper arousal symptoms. After exposure to a traumatic event, defined as one that is markedly distressing to almost everyone, an individual suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may suffer intrusive recollections, which consist of daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares, and flashbacks. The individual may also try to avoid stimuli that remind them of the traumatic event and/or develop symptoms associated with generic anxiety disorders. Critical incident stress debriefing, psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmaco therapy, and group therapy are all recognized as effective treatments for post traumatic stress disorder. Feminists have come up with theories in regards to why women do not leave their abuser: they cannot support themselves and their children, they are isolated from friends and family, and they have been terrorized into a state of helplessness by repeated beatings. It is also important to note that battered women usually do not have any place to go. There are half as many shelters for battered women in this country as there are for stray animals, and most do not accept children. For every two women sheltered, five are turned away; for every two children sheltered, eight are turned away. This equates to half of all homeless women and children being on the streets due to violence in the home. Although there are many different theories of battered womens syndrome, most are all variations or hybrids of the three main theories outlined above. A sound understanding of Dr. Walkers classical battered womens syndrome theory is found in Gondolf and Fishers survivor theory of battered womens syndrome and the post traumatic stress disorder theory. This permits the reader to identify the origins and essential elements of these various hybrids and provide them with a better understanding of the plight of the battered woman. Given the prevalence of domestic abuse in our society, it is important to realize that the battered woman does not like abuse or is responsible for her victimization. The three theories discussed above all offer rationale explanations for why a battered women often stays with her abuser and explore the psychological harm caused by abuse while discounting the popular perception that battered women must enjoy the abuseBibliography: