History of Haircoloring Essay

The first major break through in hair coloring history came in 1863, when chemist Dr. August Wilhelm Von Hofmann reported the dye properties of paraphenylenediamine. His discovery led to the birth of the synthetic hair dye industry, and PPD still Dominates the field today. Hofmann was also known for his studies of organic derivatives of ammonia and for discovering the first unsaturated alcohol and several organic dyes. On the heels of Hofmann’s discovery, in 1867 London chemist E. H.  Thullay and Parisian hairdresser Leon Hugot demonstrated the advantages of hydrogen peroxide as best chemical way to lighten hair then alkaline solutions. After the mid 1920’s oxidation dyes were greatly improved and the fashionable use of haircoloring boomed. The introduction of salon and then home hair dyes during the same period brought about a revolutionary change worldwide and explosion of hair options. Clairol’s founder, Lawrence M. Gelb, introduced hair color to salons more than 70 years ago. When Clairol launched its first salon colors in 1931, millions of women began using them. Instant Clairol Oil Shampoo Tint soon changed the look of Americans. In 1950, Clairol introduced Miss Clairol Hair Color Bath, the first real breakthrough that lightened hair without the harshness and complicated handling of bleach. For the first time, hair could be lightened, tinted, conditioned and shampooed in only one step instead of five, in only 20 minutes. In the 1661 book Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature, various methods of coloring hair black, gold, green, red, yellow, and white are explained. Hair dye or hair color, is a chemical preparation used to change the color of a person’s hair. Hair dye is used to cover gray hair, which in some cultures has historically been considered to be a sign of aging. The Romans have been known to be interested in changing hair color and history revealed that they created over a hundred recipes using natural ingredients. These preparations could only darken hair. In 2007, where the next hair color breakthrough is currently unfolding, the first in over 50 years. Advances in understanding the molecular structure of hair have allowed scientists to develop improved technologies that minimize the amount of damage in the coloring process, and even create specialized products that restore health and brilliance to colored hair. The new chemistry of hair color is here, making hair color easier, quicker, and more effective than ever. Today millions of women color their hair, spanning every age, race, nationality and religion. According to recent surveys, at least 88 percent of all women feel their hair has an effect on their self-confidence. Today women demand a quick efficient product that easily fit into their hectic lifestyle. These are the products that we have today.

Child Labour in Pakistan

Internet Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of mankind. Ten years ago, the term internet was practically anonymous to most of people. Today internet has become the most ever powerful tool for man throughout the world. The internet is a collection of various services and resources. Internet has its advantages and disadvantages. But usually, the advantages of internet outweigh its disadvantages. Communication is one of the greatest services of the internet.By using MSN, FACEBOOK or something else, we can communicate in second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today for better communication, we can chat for hours with our loved ones. With the help of such services, the internet has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship and share our thoughts. Also we can explore other cultures of different ethnicity on the internet. Information also is a big advantage that internet is offer ing. The internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the internet.The search engines like Google, Yahoo is at your service on the internet. You can almost find any type of data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking for. Students and teens are among the top users who surf the internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use the internet for research for the purpose of gathering resources. Teachers have given assignments, which require research on the internet, to students. Entertainment is another reason why many people prefer to surf the internet. Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or watching online movies are some of the uses people have discovered.There are numerous of games that may be downloaded from the internet for free. Chat rooms are popular because users can meet new and interesting people. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found such as music, hobbies, news, sports. Theft of personal information is one of the biggest disadvantages of the internet. When you are using the internet, you may be facing grave danger as your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. Spamming Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system.Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you. Virus threat Virus is nothing but a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems. Computers attached to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk, causing you considerable headache. Pornography This is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children’s healthy mental life. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the internet that can be easily found and can be a detrimental factor to let children use the internet.

People or Penguins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People or Penguins - Essay Example The surprising thing with all this talk on pollution is that it basically all boils down to control. Human beings have been in control of the environment for so long doing what they want with it and the pollution is a way the environment is retaliating back for it being misused. If people are to stop the pollution, it will definitely translate to a loss of control which not many would like to give up on. Are human beings willing to make any form of sacrifice of their lifestyle and what they have grown up getting used to in order to reduce pollution as well as saving the environment, the animal species as well as human beings from total extinction in the future? This is the million dollar question being indirectly asked in the article and whose answer lies within each individual. Taking care of the environment and wishing for its sustainability is an individual decision depending on how much a person loves the environment. People might try to be resistant to give up the control and cut back on some of the luxuries of life in order to trade it to living longer and in a clean and safe environment. It will mean a chance to contribute to the protection of the animal species as well as ensure their sustainability in the future. All that human beings need is a little push towards the right direction, a press of a few buttons and they will be on board with the ideas of how to completely end pollution. Is it truly possible for human beings to completely surrender their comfortable life such as having the convenience of a car among other things in life in order to save the environment? What can push people to the extent of them volunteering to end pollution and save the natural habitat which is the flora and

Gun control Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gun control - Annotated Bibliography Example or public safety over guns; and the core of the debate is but the very Second Amendment, which has reduced the public response to the gun-aided carnage to mere outrage. The author notes with some sense of certainty that though defeated in the past, attempts at gun control legislations is not over, and will soon raise its head yet again and again. He singles out the â€Å"defense† aspect of the Second Amendment noting that the law has always recognized the right to one’s security, liberty, and private property, and it is from these fundamental rights that necessitate the right to bear arms just in case â€Å"the sanctions of society and/or laws are insufficient to restrain oppressive violence.† It is on this account that laws that infringe on the right to self-defense have and will fail the constitutionality test, hence the Heller setting a dark cloud over gun control laws enacted [and to be] in the United States. Like other academics and law experts, Chemerinsky concludes that the debate over the Second Amendment is far from over, but will never get resolved. His opening comment that â€Å"guns have become an important symbol of freedom to a majority of American public† is but a perfect description of the American public over guns, and that it is harder to envisage any side of the debate giving room for opposing arguments. This article, without a doubt, makes a fundamental contribution to the gun debate, more particularly with regards to navigating the muddy arguments that threaten to overrun public safety as evident by the incidences of gun violence witnessed so far. By no surprise, Desmond Cameron, like many other scholars begins his narrative with the Virginia Tech gun tragedy, terming it the â€Å"deadliest† as any other would call it. Indeed, as he notes, the incident, like no other, has kept the debate on gun control much alive that any other in the history of the United States, with gun control proponents blaming easy access to guns while gun rights

The Consequences of Poor Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Consequences of Poor Quality - Essay Example e of meeting the quality standards of the products, the organizations have to face serious setbacks in terms of loss of business, liability, productivity and increased cost of production. Product quality possesses great importance for the organizations operating in different sectors and industries because they could survive in the highly competitive market place on behalf of high quality of their products and services. Product quality refers to the ability of the product to meet the expectations and needs of the customers. The product quality assures that it will work reliability and will perform all of its functions in adequate manner (Anderson et al, 1993). The organizations are required to pay keen attention towards the issue of quality because quality of product and services work to increase the profitability of the businesses. The quality assures that the customers are satisfied having expected quality in return of their money and they recognize the quality delivered by the company that keep them loyal and willing to pay for the products. The product quality also works for establishing and strengthening the brand name and brand image and poor quality tends to have direct and strong impact upon the brand stability (Christopher, 2000). The research paper intends to identify the consequences of poor quality upon the businesses using a qualitative research approach. The paper identifies the importance of quality for the businesses and explains different negative impacts drawn by the poor quality. The paper employs a qualitative research approach to deal with the issue under study. The paper attains its desired objective of identifying the consequences of poor quality through secondary analysis of data. The information for the research paper has been collected from different secondary sources like books, magazines, journals and research studies. The collected information has been reviewed and analysed to identify the major consequences of poor quality. The

John Paul Dejoria and his accomplishments Research Paper

John Paul Dejoria and his accomplishments - Research Paper Example While he was still in twenties his wife died leaving a son behind whom John had to now take care of. John tried in everything and all sorts of Jobs, but his luck charmed bell rung when he met Mitchells another US individual. Together they worked to bring on revolutions in history of hair color solutions. Their strategy worked so well that today John Paul sells his products internationally in more than 90,000 salons. According to (Forbes 2011), he is worth US$4 billion. And Visionary of the Year Award (October 2009). John is one the great nationals of America today, with a generous donator, he has won numerous awards. Today all magazines recognize him as one of the millionaires. Sender’s Name April 22, 2011 John Paul Dejoria and his accomplishments   Living a luxurious life, with 90 hair products sold in 90,000 hair salons all across the United States plus an annual retailing topping $ 600 million, is the guy who worked hard to make the rages to riches story. John Paul Dejori a is a US citizen who holds prestige in being categorized as one of the True Global Citizen that moves on from a no way citizen to someone who owns riches equivalent to millionaires today. Early life and Education He was born as the second son to an Italian family, the family which immigrated from Greek to Italy. He marked the history of the Echo park neighborhood of California with his birth on the April 13th, 1944. Belonging to a family who separated when he was the 2 yrs old, he was thought as any other regular child. It was not but the age of nine that he started selling cards and news papers to support his family financially. Sometime later his mother felt that she won’t be able to provide for the family, so John Paul along with his brother were sent to their foster home. The real learning of this son of the immigrant parents from Italy and Greece was hard work and consistent determination to work for his goals in life. Since beginning John Paul and his brother had to li ve a life of tiresome work and sleepless nights. John Paul and his brother would have to get up at three in the morning to deliver the folded newspaper as their part time job during studies for sake of support for family’s financial wellbeing. At a really early age he had to spend time in the company of East Los Angeles’ street gangs. He then had to enroll in the U.S. Naval Reserve still being a student of high school then went on to join the Navy. However, his efforts worked against the thoughts for financial betterment. However, as life would have it a brief marriage left John Dejoria a single parent with a young son to support. Then he resort to different jobs trying to make ends meet with no particular correlations in the jobs he was handling. He did everything from the pumping of the gas, repairing of the bicycles, working as a salesman for encyclopedias, dictating machines, photocopying machines and even selling life insurance. It was harder for Dejoria and he st ill was having a rough time. As Oprah Winfrey puts beautifully â€Å"I've learned that you can't have all and do all at the same time.† (O Magazine, April 2003). Because of his early twenties he was like as many other adults who consider asking help from others disrespect in their self esteem. This resulted in him being broke on many occasions. However, he was willing to give it all those days he was collecting Coke bottles and cans to fund them in for a few pennies at the to buy cereal, macaroni, potatoes, rice, and cheese or canned soup. However, no matter how hard the

Law of Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Law of Criminal Evidence - Essay Example This right is based on the Latin maxim nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare (no man is bound to accuse himself’). This principle is found, explicitly or by convention, in many of the worlds legal systems including England and wales. (Murphy, P Murphy) Criminal justice and Public Order,1994, section 38, provides that no conviction shall be based wholly on silence of the accused. Furthermore, though not explicitly found in Europpean Convention of Human Rights, (Dennis, I H ,2002) still in the rulings of Europan Court of Human Right, right ot keep silence is maintained. ( Murray v. UK. 1996) It is therefore, found that Imtiaz’s silence during pre-trial period is based on his legal right and will not esteblish any offence against him. For this purpose, the prosecution can not equate his silence to his confession in a court of law. In order to esteblish any guilt, prosecution shall have to maintain his case beyond admission during custody and the case should be suported by the evi dence. To keep silence in pre-trail inquiry by police is an esteblished right of the accused. He may maintain his position even when there is no advice by his solisitor or his solicitor advices against silence. It is found in this case that the accused Imtiaz had kept silence on advice of his solisitor and he also mentioned the same in his statement. However, he did not mention any reason for the same. Now, would there be a change in situation and legal consequences on the ground that accused had given any reason for solicitor’s advice? To be very simple, it must be seen in view of accused’s right. Accused is not bound by the advice of his solicitor as in the case of co-accused, Shannan, who refused to have a solicitor altogather and gave her statement. Solicitor is supposed to guide you as per law and no advice against the law of the land is expected from a legal counsel. In this case, too, the advice by Imtiaz’s solicitor is based on

Outline Plot from Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outline Plot from Journal - Essay Example We ended up eating some pizza together because he said he wanted to make up for what he did. It was graduation day and Fitsum was neatly dressed. He waved at me with a bright smile as he held his diploma. It’s been seven months since we’ve first met and now we have been together for four months. Days passed without my knowledge because we were so in love. Fitsum seemed to be the ideal man, the best I could ever have. He introduced me to his parents and his family was lovely. Mom had known Fitsum all along as he usually hanged out at our house every weekend. We promised to communicate as often as we could. Fitsum was taking up Engineering at ---- School while I decided to take up ----. The distance between us was never an issue because we always found time to be together. My friends knew him well as he always escorted me in school activities. Fitsum, as they said, was an ideal guy. I felt proud whenever I heard this comment. Fitsum was still a varsity player in his college. Every girl in school adored him and it sometimes felt awkward for me to see girls flirting with him while he tried to get rid of them. There came a time when I got tired of his popularity and so avoided watching his games. I would see him after the game and that was how we celebrated. Things got complicated because he wanted me to watch all his games, saying I was his inspiration. I made alibis every now and then, which made things complicated. He did the same to me and never showed up when I invited him to our school activities. My friends asked why they did not see Fitsum anymore and I told them he was too busy w ith his games. Deep inside, I was hurting and could feel the end of our relationship. I have not seen Fitsum for two weeks and he did not have any new posts in his Facebook or Twitter account. I missed him so much but did not know what to do. Alas, I decided to

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

Case study - Essay Example These areas are responsible for feeling and expressing your emotions, releasing hormones in stress conditions, for communication inside the brain and for the learning and memory purposes. Brain cells that are neurons use chemicals named neurotransmitters and these are responsible for communication in brain. Alcohol can cause a change in the activities of neurotransmitters and an imbalance takes place in their actions which inturn will result in seizures, sedation, depression, agitation and other disorders related to mood and behaviour. In 2003, Aaron M. White found that alcohol interferes with the brain ability to make new long term memories and for the ability to keep the fresh information active for limited period of time. Alcohol consumption in this case leads to memory impairment and as a consequence partial or complete blackouts occur. The end result will be periods of memory loss while drinking. Martin, Singleton & Hiller (2003) described Thiamine, also termed as Vitamin B1 to be one of the essential nutrients required by tissues of the body including brain. The enzymes that use thiamine need to function effectively or otherwise they will result affecting the neurotransmitters in the brain. The brain requires thiamine for its nerve cells (neurons); other cells in the nervous system also rely on thiamine. Thiamine deficiency makes the work of these enzymes slow considerably. As they are harmful for the brain cells, the most severe outcome can be in the form of brain damage. In 2008, Harrigan, Maguire & Laszlo Boros suggested that alcohol consuming patients are mostly found to report very low level of thiamine in their blood which mostly results in neuro-degeneration. This degeneration is linked with the brain area called cerebellum. Cerebellum is directly connected with alcohol addiction as alcohol makes a direct impact on it. But thiamine deficiency is found to place much more impact on cerebellum than alcohol can. 3.

Children and adults alike enjoy fairy Essay Example for Free

Children and adults alike enjoy fairy Essay Children and adults alike enjoy fairy tales because, to a certain extent, there are universal themes which make the stories predictable. Three of these themes are parental abandonment, victimization, and the all-important happy ending. Fairy tales provide an escape for the reader and a way to vicariously experience a different kind of life in which anything is possible. The idea of parental abandonment seems an anathema in a children’s story. Nevertheless, Little Red Riding Hood ventures alone into the forest to walk to her grandmother’s house, in spite of the danger presented by the wolf. Snow White and Cinderella’s parents die and leave them with cruel stepmothers. In â€Å"Beauty and the Beast†, Belle is without a mother and her father is a bit of a kook who can’t look after her properly. All of the characters are placed in situations in which they become victims. The three little pigs must protect their homes from a wolf; Little Red Riding Hood must outsmart a wolf who has eaten her grandmother and disguised himself. Cinderella and Snow White, on the other hand, must outsmart their cruel stepmothers in order to find true love. The most common theme in fairy tales (except, of course, for the Grimm versions) is that they have a happy ending. Cinderella and Snow White defeat their stepmothers and marry the prince, Little Red Riding Hood and the three little pigs outsmart the wolves and save themselves from certain death. A fairy tale just isn’t a fairy tale without a happy ending; after all, the story of Cinderella would be less compelling if she had missed the ball and one of her ugly stepsisters had married the prince. â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† would have been less of a fairy tale if Belle’s love hadn’t transformed the Beast.

Analyzing The Feminine Agenda In Plays English Literature Essay

Analyzing The Feminine Agenda In Plays English Literature Essay In the three dramas, Oedipus Rex, Death of a Salesman, and Macbeth the feminine characters craft their own personal agendas into the lives of the tragic heroes. Jocasta, Linda, and Lady Macbeth are all similar in their dynamic nature, ability to enable, and their need to care for others. The exploration of these similarities can also be considered the driving force which leads to each of the tragic heroes to their ultimate fates. This woman uses female methods of acquiring power- that is, manipulation- to further her supposed male ambition. The remarkable effectiveness of Lady Macbeths manipulation is apparent in several ways. She overrides all of his objections to the plot she construes. When Macbeth hesitates in murdering Duncan, Lady Macbeth persistently taunts his lack manhood and courage until he feels it necessary to prove himself. Interestingly, Lady Macbeth and her husband are presented as being deeply in love. However, many of Lady Macbeths speeches imply that her control over Macbeth is merely sexual. Lady Macbeths strong will persists throughout the murder of the king. Afterwards, however, she begins a slow slide into madness. Just as ambition affects her more so before the crime, so does the guilt afterwards. She falls victim to guilt and madness to a greater extent than her husband. The play implies that women can be as ambitious and cruel as men, but social constraints deny them the opportunitie s to pursue the ambition on their own. By the close of the play, Lady Macbeth has been reduced to sleepwalking and attempting to remove invisible bloodstains. When the plague of guilt has finally done its worse, Lady Macbeths sensitivity becomes her weakness. Subsequently, her husbands cruelty and her own guilt recoil on her, sending her into a madness which she is unable to cope with. In the end, she drives herself mad because of her guilt over the murders and she apparently kills herself. Linda Loman is Willys link to reality. She serves as a force of reason throughout the play. Linda is by far the toughest, most realistic, and most levelheaded character in the play. She sees what her husband is going through. Despite all of his failures and weaknesses, she supports him, loves him, and occasionally enables his behavior. Linda realizes that Willy is just an ordinary man living in the times, but she does not place blame on him. If anything, she loves him more because of it. Linda assumes the role of the protector, the defender, and the respecter. She protects Willy when Biff fights with him. Linda defends Willy to her sons who believe that he is going crazy. Also, she respects him enough to pretend that she is unaware of the fact that he is trying to kill himself and that he has lost his salary. She knows that Willy is suicidal, irrational, and difficult to deal with; however, she goes along with Willys fantasies in order to protect him from the criticism of others, as well as his own self-criticism. Linda tries to protect him, but her efforts are in vain. Linda enables Willy in many ways, but she also encourages him. She gently nudges him when it comes to paying the bills and communicating with Biff and she does not lose her temper when he becomes irate. Linda knows that Willy is secretly borrowing money from Charley to pay the life insurance and other bills. Despite all of this, Linda does nothing, afraid to aggravate Willys fragile mental condition. She goes as far as throwing Biff and Happy out of the house when their behavior threatens to upset Willy. Linda views freedom as an escape from debt, the reward of total ownership of the material goods that symbolize success and stability. Willys prolonged obsession with the American dream seems, over the long years of his marriage, to have left Linda internally conflicted. She appears to have kept her emotional life intact. As such, she represents the emotional core of the drama. Linda is a character driven by desperation and fear. Even though Willy is often rude to her, she protects him at all costs. According to Linda, Willy is only a little boat looking for a harbor (___________). She loves Willy, and more importantly, she accepts all of his shortcomings. Jocastas character is only strongly represented in the closing scenes in the play. Throughout the play, Jocasta tested the beliefs of those around her by feigning disbelief in the gods herself. Though she put up this false front, she did keep her faith. At the beginning of the scene wherein a messenger relayed word of Polybus death and Oedipus right to the throne of Corinth, we see Jocasta praying. In her first words, she attempts to make peace between Oedipus and Creon, pleading with Oedipus not Tiresiass terrifying prophecies as false. Unlike Oedipus, Jocasta distrusts the oracles and believes that whatever happens will do so by unforeseeable chance. However, she is still wary enough to honor Apollo with offerings in a crisis. Jocasta carries garlands and incense to the altar and tries to appeal to Apollo to purify the city of Thebes. Jocasta solves the riddle of Oedipuss identity before Oedipus does, and she expresses her love for her son and husband in her desire to protect him f rom this knowledge. She pleads with him to stop asking questions regarding the circumstances. Jocastas character is intelligent and capable, but not driven to exploration as Oedipus. She carries her own agenda about what should be known and looked into. Jocastas character is used by the gods, in a way, to test Oedipuss faith. After accusing Creon of conspiracy and treason, Oedipus relates to Jocasta the details of his meeting with Tiresias. Jocasta proceeds to plant doubts of the gods by telling Oedipus the story of the Delphian Oracle and the circumstances surrounding Laius death. Again, after Polybus death, she excitedly tells Oedipus that his prophecy was obviously untrue, though it was not, and by doing so she attempts to hint that the oracles and thus the gods are false. It can be drawn that Jocasta is forced to perform such tasks for the gods because she tried to avoid an earlier prophecy. By tying her childs feet together and casting him out, she attempted to defeat the gods, and this disbelief of course angered them. Her punishment, then, was to test the beliefs of the very child she cast out. Jocasta was, in this way, a victim. Though it was by her own doing that this penalty was cast upon her, it was not something she was happy to do, which becomes apparent when she realizes the truth in her earlier prophecy. It is at this moment that she becomes aware of her punishment, and in desperation kills herself. After the realization of the truth, Jocastas own panicked grief impels her to suicide. Jocasta is a victim in Oedipus Rex, but not as much as she is a catalyst for Oedipus own victimization. She keeps her faith throughout and tries to relieve Oedipus of his. Because of this, readers may in turn pity her and loathe her. But the gods tested the king of Thebes through her the main goal of the play and both he and she failed. In the exploration of Oedipus Rex, Death of a Salesman, and Macbeth the feminine characters obvious self-interest plays an important role in their counter parts downfalls. Jocasta, Linda, and Lady Macbeth are all similar in their dynamic nature, ability to enable, and their need to care for others. The previous exploration illustrates the female agenda in contrast to the tragic heroes.

Jimi Hendrix :: essays research papers

Jimi Hendrix Jimi Hendrix, possibly the greatest guitarist in rock history changed the sound of rock. In 1967 The Jimi Hendrix Experience rocked the nation with their first album Are You Experienced?. Hendrix had a short life because of drugs in 1970 when he was only 27 years old. In a few years, rock and roll changed a lot and Jimi’s guitar playing was a big influence. Jimi Hendrix was born in Seattle Washington on November 27, 1942. When he was just a kid he would play along with his R&B records whenever he could. He didn’t always like to play music though, he always had wanted to be in the army. In the late 1950’s Jimi joined the 101st airborne division, but he had a back injury doing a jump and got a medical discharge. That’s when he decided to have a musical career. By this time he had already become a pretty good guitar player, And is now the greatest known guitar player ever. Jimi started out playing backup for smalltime R&B groups. Soon some of the best known artists, such as BB king, Ike and Turner, and Little Richard wanted him. After a few months of touring with R&B groups he wanted to try singing. A guy heard him singing at a club and talked him into moving to England, where he met the rest of his band members. In 1966 Jimi Hendrix debuted. One year later their club shows were overcrowded. The Monkees heard them and liked them, and asked them to tour with them. But not many Monkees fans liked his lyrics and his style, so they kicked him off the tour. After this he was invited to pop festivals and eventually came out with his first

The Cycle of Evil in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Cycle of Evil in Hamlet In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare illustrates how revenge can ravage one’s mind. Revenge, put in simple terms, is an act of inflicting harm or injury in return for a wrong. [Obvious?] Both Hamlet and Laertes vowed to seek revenge for the murders of their fathers. In doing so, they weren’t making right what was once wrong, but instead they were returning the same evil that had been inflicted upon them. Revenge isn’t good or sweet when it is in fact evil continuing to repeat itself. William Shakespeare helps bring this point to the forefront by using the Ghost of King Hamlet as a foil to Hamlet. The Ghost is used to give Hamlet someone to talk to in order to understand him more. These two characters both express their revulsion of Gertrude’s marriage to Claudius. [You need to cite from the text here, particularly for the Ghost.] Also, both King Hamlet and Hamlet were brought to their deaths at the hands of poison, although King Hamlet had the poison poured in his ear by Claudius while sleeping. On the other hand, Hamlet was poisoned with the point of Laertes’s rapier during their duel. The Ghost brings about two different perspectives of Hamlet. First, Hamlet can be viewed as a loyal son. Hamlet is prepared to avenge his father’s murder before the identity of the murderer was made. [He is?] After the Ghost reveals Claudius as his murderer, he demands that Hamlet does not punish Gertrude in seeking revenge against Claudius. Hamlet doesn’t get revenge against Claudius until his mother dies after drinking the poison in the cup that was originally intended for Hamlet to drink. [Ergo, does he get revenge for his father, or for his mother?] On the other hand, Hamlet doesn’t necessarily fulfill his father’s wishes. Although unintended, Hamlet â€Å"punishes† Gertrude by slaying Polonius before her eyes. Thus evil deeds were to continue to repeat themselves. [I don't see the repetition here.Which "evil deeds" are you referring to?] Another character used as a foil to Hamlet was Laertes. Both Hamlet and Laertes had endured the lose [loss] of their fathers at the hands of a murderer. Both character[s] sought revenge for these murders. Laertes immediately wanted to kill Hamlet for his crime, expressing how he would cut his throat in the church. The Cycle of Evil in Shakespeare's Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework The Cycle of Evil in Hamlet In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare illustrates how revenge can ravage one’s mind. Revenge, put in simple terms, is an act of inflicting harm or injury in return for a wrong. [Obvious?] Both Hamlet and Laertes vowed to seek revenge for the murders of their fathers. In doing so, they weren’t making right what was once wrong, but instead they were returning the same evil that had been inflicted upon them. Revenge isn’t good or sweet when it is in fact evil continuing to repeat itself. William Shakespeare helps bring this point to the forefront by using the Ghost of King Hamlet as a foil to Hamlet. The Ghost is used to give Hamlet someone to talk to in order to understand him more. These two characters both express their revulsion of Gertrude’s marriage to Claudius. [You need to cite from the text here, particularly for the Ghost.] Also, both King Hamlet and Hamlet were brought to their deaths at the hands of poison, although King Hamlet had the poison poured in his ear by Claudius while sleeping. On the other hand, Hamlet was poisoned with the point of Laertes’s rapier during their duel. The Ghost brings about two different perspectives of Hamlet. First, Hamlet can be viewed as a loyal son. Hamlet is prepared to avenge his father’s murder before the identity of the murderer was made. [He is?] After the Ghost reveals Claudius as his murderer, he demands that Hamlet does not punish Gertrude in seeking revenge against Claudius. Hamlet doesn’t get revenge against Claudius until his mother dies after drinking the poison in the cup that was originally intended for Hamlet to drink. [Ergo, does he get revenge for his father, or for his mother?] On the other hand, Hamlet doesn’t necessarily fulfill his father’s wishes. Although unintended, Hamlet â€Å"punishes† Gertrude by slaying Polonius before her eyes. Thus evil deeds were to continue to repeat themselves. [I don't see the repetition here.Which "evil deeds" are you referring to?] Another character used as a foil to Hamlet was Laertes. Both Hamlet and Laertes had endured the lose [loss] of their fathers at the hands of a murderer. Both character[s] sought revenge for these murders. Laertes immediately wanted to kill Hamlet for his crime, expressing how he would cut his throat in the church.

DAWN Social Justice Group :: essays research papers

DAWN The social justice group DAWN (disabled woman’s network Ontario) is a province wide organization of woman with all types of disabilities. They are a feminist organization which supports woman in their struggle to control their own lives. Dawn Ontario is controlled by women with disabilities. The members include woman with disabilities and non-disabled woman. Also included are lesbians, bisexual woman, aboriginal woman, Franco-Ontarian woman, and woman from many other ethnic, racial, cultural, and religious backgrounds. Woman of all ages, from teens to seniors, are active members of DAWN. They believe that disabled woman have the right to direct their own lives. They also believe that woman with disabilities: have the right to access the services and supports available to all woman; have needs which are different from those of men with disabilities; know best what their needs are; have a right to freedom of choice in all aspects of their live; and can be proud of their dis abilities and have the choice to self-identity. As a group DAWN at Ontario: keep current on issues facing women with disabilities; provide role mode for girls with disabilities; develop resources for girls with disabilities; help start and support DAWN groups across Ontario; speak for the rights of woman with disabilities to make sure they can take part in woman’s groups, activities, events and services; work with other woman’s and disabilities groups; produce resources about health care for woman with disabilities; lobby for the government on issues affecting woman with disabilities. Issues such as employment, training, education, transportation, housing, health care, and others. On June 17, 1985 17 woman with disabilities from across Canada gathered together to discuss issues of concern. From this meeting, DAWN of Canada was formed. Disabled woman organized across the country, keeping in touch by mail and phone, and finally they received funding from the secretary of state for some special projects. Disabled woman have been persevering since then to build up DAWN on a local and national level. In 1992 DAWN Ontario was formed. Since then they have put out many brochures and the like for information throughout Ontario. They also have worked with other groups such as Employment Equity Coalition; the Coalition Against Depo Provera; and the Coalition Against Extra Billing in Ontario. DAWN is a great

All Adoption Records Should be Open to Adopted People over Eighteen Years Old

The issues of having adoption documents open for access by the adopted people who are over eighteen years has caused a lot of heated debate in America. There has been a revolution in the adoption scene as some of the states have legalized the opening of previously sealed adoption documents.There are raging debates due to the controversy which is brought by opening and sealing the adoption records. The right of the birth parent to privacy is weighed against the fundamental right of the adopted adult to know and the right to equality. This paper seeks to bring out the reasons as to why these previously sealed documents should be open for adopted adults.There are more than six million adoptees in the United States of America. Currently, only six states in America offer the open inspection of adoption records. These are Tennessee, Hawaii, Delaware, Alabama, Kansas and Alaska (Mabry & Kelly, 357).In most of the other states, the original birth certificate and the adoption documents are no t accessible to anyone without a court order. Alabama allows the opening of these documents only after consent while Oregon and Tennessee also require consent from the court. In Tennessee, the adult adoptee is forbidden for establishing contact.Some states recommend the use of specific search and consent protocols which require the agency to locate either member of the adoption triad enquire whether they would allow their identity to be revealed to the other member (Mabry & Kelly, 359).The adoption triad refers to the adopted adult, the adopted parents and the birth parents.   Opening adoption documents or records refers to making a variety of previously confidential and sealed information available to a member of the adoption triad.These adoption records can be either the original unammended birth certificate, the court records from the adoption and other confidential information including the adoption agencys’ documents which may reveal the identity of any of the members of the triad (Mabry & Kelly, 369).After an adoptive placement is finalized, the original documents and documents proceeding from these cases are closed.Most adopted adults are in favor of the opening of the adoption documents primarily to ease their search for their birth parents or eliminate the need for a search. They argue that keeping these documents sealed from adopted adults, impairs with their emotional status and denies them of their right to know the identity of their parents like every other person.Adoption documents were initially sealed in order to protect any members of the adoption triad from the prevailing attitudes of the time. There was a lot of social stigma arising from illegitimacy and infertility. People were also stigmatized based on their wealth or other features in their families.The courts felt that the exposure of the triad especially the child to these attitudes would hinder their potential. Sealing adoption documents allowed the adopted child to grow up w ithout these additional pressures from the society (Mabry & Kelly, 436).The main reason as to why the adoption documents were sealed was to protect the adoption triad from social stigma associated with illegitimacy and infertility.The changing times have eliminated this stigma as millions of people nowadays choose not to get married, to become single parents or even get married and choose not to have any children. Any stigma associated with either of these has been eroded over time.The opening of adoption records only for adopted adults over the age of eighteen years ensures that they are already emotionally and mentally developed and the chances of their birth parents affecting their development is minimized.Adoption documents allow the adopted adult to find out of any genetic conditions which they may have inherited from their birth parents. The knowledge of any genetic predisposition to life threatening medical conditions allows the adopted adult to seek help early.This also allo ws early detection of any medical conditions and could potentially save lives (Siegel, 17). In cases where the adopted adults also intend on having their own children, it is necessary for them to know of any possibilities of passing on genetic conditions to their children and make informed decisions based on these facts.Adopted adults may also require organ transplants. The most successful organ transplants are from genetically identical individuals since there are less chances of rejection. For the adopted adult, this implies that they have to contact their birth parents and any other siblings they may have for potential donors.The adult who is adopted at childhood has the fundamental right to know the identity of his parents (Mabry & Kelly, 508). These unanswered questions bring a lifetime of confusion and loss of identity.The contract between both sets of parents is entered on behalf of the adopted child. Once the child reaches eighteen years, they are legally capable of making m ost legal decisions and they should be treated as adults who have the right to decide whether they require information regarding the birth parents.In cases where they choose to have access, the information should be availed readily (Siegel, 17). The United States of America is founded on the tenet of equality for all its citizens. Opening adoption documents ensures that adopted people are given equal right to know their parents, similar to their non adopted counterparts (Blanton & Deschner, 534).The adopted individuals should be given the same right as everyone else.   This in turn brings peace of mind and the adopted adults can move on with their lives.There are many people who feel that the opening of these previously closed documents should be prohibited and adult adoptees should not be given information regarding their birth parents. Those who oppose the opening of these documents insist that the birth parents may not want contact from the children (DuPrau, 28).The supporters of opening adoption records insist that the opening of these documents does not necessarily imply intent of contact. In many cases the adult adoptee is simply curious or is intent on identifying any genetic medical conditions of the birth parents (Blanton & Deschner, 530 .The issue of people preferring abortion to adoption due to the ramifications of the children later looking for them has also been debated. The supporters of open documents maintain that the two issues are unrelated and the rates of abortion have not increased in states that have allowed open adoption documents (Cocozzell, 36).There is no need for the birth parent to feel insecure because most states specify no contact unless it is permitted. The birth parents have no biding parental responsibilities on the adopted adult and the only thing they seek is information on their identity and possible their medical condition. In some instances birth parents who gave up their children for adoption are also interested in mak ing contact and are relieved when the adopted adults contact them (Cocozzell, 36).There are also arguments that insist that the identification of birth parents is a threat to the relationship of the adopted individual with their adoptive parents. While it may be true for an adopted child, for an adult adoptee, the identification of the birth parents is not a threat to their relationship with the adoptive parents (DuPrau, 18).In conclusion, all adoption documents should be open to all adopted people over the age of eighteen years. This allows equality to all people and gives the adopted adults peace of mind regarding any questions they may have concerning their identity as well as any potential genetic conditions which, they may have inherited from their birth parents.REFERENCESBlanton L. & Deschner Jeanne, â€Å"Biological Mothers' Grief: The Post adoptive Experience in Open vs. Confidential Adoption,† Child Welfare 59 (1990): 525-535.Cocozzelli Carmello, â€Å"Predicting th e Decision of Biological Mothers to Retain or Relinquish Their Babies for Adoption: Implications for Open Placement,† Child Welfare 68 (1999): 33-44.DuPrau Jeanne. Adoption: the facts, feelings, and issues of a double heritage. Michigan: University of Michigan, 2007. 16-99.

Digital Fortress Chapter 15

Susan Fletcher sat at her computer terminal inside Node 3. Node 3 was the cryptographers' private, soundproofed chamber just off the main floor. A two-inch sheet of curved one-way glass gave the cryptographers a panorama of the Crypto floor while prohibiting anyone else from seeing inside. At the back of the expansive Node 3 chamber, twelve terminals sat in a perfect circle. The annular arrangement was intended to encourage intellectual exchange between cryptographers, to remind them they were part of a larger team-something like a code-breaker's Knights of the Round Table. Ironically, secrets were frowned on inside Node 3. Nicknamed the Playpen, Node 3 had none of the sterile feel of the rest of Crypto. It was designed to feel like home-plush carpets, high-tech sound system, fully stocked fridge, kitchenette, a Nerf basketball hoop. The NSA had a philosophy about Crypto: Don't drop a couple billion bucks into a code-breaking computer without enticing the best of the best to stick around and use it. Susan slipped out of her Salvatore Ferragamo flats and dug her stockinged toes into the thick pile carpet. Well-paid government employees were encouraged to refrain from lavish displays of personal wealth. It was usually no problem for Susan-she was perfectly happy with her modest duplex, Volvo sedan, and conservative wardrobe. But shoes were another matter. Even when Susan was in college, she'd budgeted for the best. You can't jump for the stars if your feet hurt, her aunt had once told her. And when you get where you're going, you darn well better look great! Susan allowed herself a luxurious stretch and then settled down to business. She pulled up her tracer and prepared to configure it. She glanced at the E-mail address Strathmore had given her. [email protected] The man calling himself North Dakota had an anonymous account, but Susan knew it would not remain anonymous for long. The tracer would pass through ARA, get forwarded to North Dakota, and then send information back containing the man's real Internet address. If all went well, it would locate North Dakota soon, and Strathmore could confiscate the pass-key. That would leave only David. When he found Tankado's copy, both pass-keys could be destroyed; Tankado's little time bomb would be harmless, a deadly explosive without a detonator. Susan double-checked the address on the sheet in front of her and entered the information in the correct data field. She chuckled that Strathmore had encountered difficulty sending the tracer himself. Apparently he'd sent it twice, both times receiving Tankado's address back rather than North Dakota's. It was a simple mistake, Susan thought; Strathmore had probably interchanged the data fields, and the tracer had searched for the wrong account. Susan finished configuring her tracer and queued it for release. Then she hit return. The computer beeped once. TRACER SENT. Now came the waiting game. Susan exhaled. She felt guilty for having been hard on the commander. If there was anyone qualified to handle this threat single-handed, it was Trevor Strathmore. He had an uncanny way of getting the best of all those who challenged him. Six months ago, when the EFF broke a story that an NSA submarine was snooping underwater telephone cables, Strathmore calmly leaked a conflicting story that the submarine was actually illegally burying toxic waste. The EFF and the oceanic environmentalists spent so much time bickering over which version was true, the media eventually tired of the story and moved on. Every move Strathmore made was meticulously planned. He depended heavily on his computer when devising and revising his plans. Like many NSA employees, Strathmore used NSA-developed software called BrainStorm-a risk-free way to carry out â€Å"what-if† scenarios in the safety of a computer. BrainStorm was an artificial intelligence experiment described by its developers as a Cause Effect Simulator. It originally had been intended for use in political campaigns as a way to create real-time models of a given â€Å"political environment.† Fed by enormous amounts of data, the program created a relationary web-a hypothesized model of interaction between political variables, including current prominent figures, their staffs, their personal ties to each other, hot issues, individuals' motivations weighted by variables like sex, ethnicity, money, and power. The user could then enter any hypothetical event and BrainStorm would predict the event's effect on â€Å"the environment.† Commander Strathmore worked religiously with BrainStorm-not for political purposes, but as a TFM device; Time-Line, Flowchart, Mapping software was a powerful tool for outlining complex strategies and predicting weaknesses. Susan suspected there were schemes hidden in Strathmore's computer that someday would change the world. Yes, Susan thought, I was too hard on him. Her thoughts were jarred by the hiss of the Node 3 doors. Strathmore burst in. â€Å"Susan,† he said. â€Å"David just called. There's been a setback.†

Difference Between Gdp, Gnp and Nnp

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year or a given time period within a country’s borders (domestic output). This includes all production, both material and intellectual, everything produced by government and private business as well as consumer goods and capital construction. Gross national product (GNP) is the total income earned by a country’s factors of production in a year or a given time period, regardless of where assets are located (nations' output).Net national product (NNP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced by residents in a country during a given time period. The difference between GDP and GNP is the net foreign income (NFI), which is the difference between factor payments received from the foreign sector by domestic citizens and factor payments made to foreign citizens for domestic production. The â€Å"gross† in GDP and GNP indicates that there is no allowance for depreciation (capital consumption), value lost that occurs to inventory while it sits before being sold or consumed or the amount of capital resources used up in the production process.That is the difference between GDP and NNP. Depreciation (DP) is a reduction in the value of an asset with the passage of time, due to wear and tear. It can include consumption of goods in the production of other goods or services. Examples are the wear and tear that occurs with capital equipment such as machinery, transportation vehicles, office equipment and tools (all of these items eventually wear down and need to be replaced), accidental damage, obsolescence or retirement of capital assets. GDP is most commonly calculated by the expenditure method.It is done by adding consumer expenditure (C) + firm’s investments (I) + government spending (G) + exports minus imports (X-M). GNP is calculated by taking GDP + net property income from abroad (NFI). NNP is calculated b y taking GNP – DP. For example, if a Chinese company operates and earn profits in Australia, the income is included in Australia’s GDP but not China’s GDP. This is because the production took place in Australia. However, the profits earned are included in China’s GNP but not Australia’s GNP.This is because China owns the assets. There is also nominal GDP, which is today’s output at today’s prices and real GDP, today’s output at base-year prices. To calculate real GDP, we take the nominal GDP, use a ‘GDP deflator’ and adjust it for inflation. Inflation is the sustained increase in overall level of prices. This will overstate the value of GDP even if there has not been any increase in economic activity. The GDP deflator is a price index, which includes all good and services, rather than just consumer goods and services.

Cnps 365 Midterm 1 Notes

Chapter 4 & 5 Psychoanalytic Therapy †¢Sigmund Freud. †¢Freuds psychoanalytical system = model of personality development, approach to psychotherapy †¢Often a benchmark used for other theories †¢Freudian view of human nature = deterministic †¢Behaviour determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations 0biological/instinctual drives, evolve through key psycho sexual stages in first 6 years of life †¢Instincts central †¢Libido = energy of all life instincts Libido, source of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it †¢Both sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do †¢Psychoanalytical view – three systems for personality: id, ego, superego †¢Id = biological, ego = psychological, superego = social †¢Humans = energy systems †¢Id, original system of personality, at birth person is all id. Primary source of psychic energy and seat of instincts. Blind, demandi ng, insistent, lacks organization.Cannot tolerate tension and discharges tension immediately. Ruled by pleasure principle (reducing tension, avoid pain, gain pleasure). Id is Illogical, amoral, satisfy instinctual needs, never matures. Doesn’t think, acts or wishes, largely unconscious. †¢Ego governs, controls, regulates personality. Controls consciousness and exercises censorship. Realistic and logical thinking, formulates plans of acitons for satisfying needs. Ego checks and controls blind impulses of id, ego distinguishes between mental images and things in external world. Superego is judical branch of personality. Includes moral code, main concern of whether action is good/right/wrong/bad. Superego reprents values/ideals of society as they are handed down from generations. Inhibits the id impulses, to persuade ego to substitute moralistic goals for realistic ones and to strive for perfection. Supergego related to psychological rewards and punishments †¢Dreams, s lips of tongue and forgetting, posthypnotic uggestions, material derived from free-association techniques, material derived from projective techniques, symbolic content of psychotic symptoms all represent unconscious. †¢Unconscious stores experiences memory and repressed material †¢Aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make unconscious motives conscious. †¢Anxiety – feeling of dread from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences †¢Anxeity develops from conflicts amongst id,ego, and super ego. †¢Anxeity warns of impending danger 3 Types of anxiety, reality, neurotic, moral †¢Reality anxiety – fear of danger from external world †¢Neurotic and moral anxiety evoked by threats to balance of power within person †¢Neurotic anxiety is fear that instinct will get out of hand †¢Moral anxiety is fear of ones conscience †¢Ego-defense mechanisms cope with anxiety, prevent ego from being overwhelmed. †¢Defense mechani sms either deny/distort reality, or operate on unconscious level †¢Psychosexual stages = Freudian development Typical defense mechanisms: Repression, Denial, Reaction formation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization, Sublimation, Regression, Introjection, Identification, Compensation †¢Freuds psychosexual stages of development: oral stage, anal stage, phallic, stage †¢Oral stage – inability to trust self na others = fear of loving, close relationships, low self-esteem †¢Anal stage – inability to recognize and express anger, leads to denial of ones power and lack of sense of autonomy †¢Phallic stage, inability to fully accept ones sexuality and sexual feelings, difficult to accept self as man or woman.All done within first 6 years of life, Oral(0-1), Anal (1-3) Phallic(3-6). First 6 years are foundation, if needs not met during development may become psychologically immature †¢Erikson’s Psychosocial Perspective †¢Psychosexua l + psychosocial development occurs together, each stage of life, faced with task of establishing equilibrium. †¢Crisis = turning point with potential to move forward or regress †¢Classical psychoanalysis grounded on id psychology †¢Contemporary psychoanalysis based on ego psychology †¢Freudian goals include making the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego †¢Blank Screen Approach – anonymous stance Transference relationship, the transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a persons present environment †¢Attention given to clients resistances. Analysts listens for gaps, inconsistencies, free associations, infers meanings of dream †¢Psychoanalytic therapy is somewhat like putting pieces of puzzles together †¢Free association – say whatever comes to find, no self censorship (classical psychoanalysis) typical laying on a couch scenario †¢Transference – clients u nconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the client’s past.Involves the unconscious repetition of the past in the present †¢Working through – exploration of unconscious material and defenses. Results in resolution of old pattrerns allows clients to make new choices †¢Countertransference, when therapist respond in irrational ways because their own conflicts trigger †¢Psychodynamic therapy – geared to limted objectives than to restructuring personality. Therapist lesss likely to use couch, fewer sessions per week, frequent use of supportive interventions, more self disclosure by therapist, focus more on pressing practical concerns than on fantasy material. Aimed at increasing awareness, fostering insights into clients behaviour †¢6 basic techniques – maintaining the analytic framework, free association, interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, analysis of tran sference †¢Carl Jung’s analytical psychology is a explaination of human nature that combines ideas from history mythology anthropology and religion. †¢Jung – more focus on finding the meaning in life as opposed to being driven by psychological and biological forces described by Freud. †¢Jung – shaped by past and also future Present personality shaped by w ho and what we have been and aspire to be †¢Persona – mask/public face we wear to protect ourselves †¢Animus and anima = both biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity †¢Shadow – deepest roots and most powerful and dangerous of all archetypes, †¢Jung – dreams are a pathway into unconscious, but they help people prepare themselves for experiences and events in the future, and work to bring a balance between opposites in a person. More of an attempt to express then to repress and disguise. †¢Ego psychology developed largely by E rikson Psychoanalyitcal therapy, more concerned with long term personality reconstruction than short term problem solving Chapter 5 †¢Alfred Adler – Individual Psychology †¢Individual begins to form approach to life somewhere in first 6 years of living †¢Humans motivated primarily by social relatedness †¢Behaviour is purposeful and goal directed, more conscious than not †¢Focused on inferiority feelings – wellspring of creativity †¢Human behaviour not determined by heredity and environment, capacity to interpret influence and create events †¢Biological and environmental conditions limit our capacity to choose and to create †¢Approach is holistic, social.Goal oriented, systemic, humanistic †¢View world from clients subjective perception of reference = phenomenological, pays attention to how people perceive their world †¢Individual Psychology – Alfred Adler †¢Must fully understand all parts of an individual â € ¢Determinstic explainations replaced with teleological (purposive, goal-oriented) ones. †¢Interested in future without minimizing importance of past influences, decisions based on a persons experiences and on direction they are moving †¢Adler influenced by fiction †¢Fictional finalism, imagined central goal that guides a persons behaviour †¢Striving torward superiority or perfection Guiding self-ideal represents individuals image of goal of perfection †¢Inferiority not a negative factor in life, when experienced first in life, we are pulled by striving for superiority. †¢Cope with helplessness by striving for competence mastery and perfection †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lifestyle† A individuals core beliefs and assumptions guide each person’s movement through life and organize his or her reality giving meaning to life events â€Å"plan of life, style of life, strategy for living and road map of life† †¢Develop a style of life through stri ving for goals and superiority †¢Unique style is rimarily created during first 6 years of life, subsequent events may have effect on development of our personality. †¢Experiences not a decisive factor itself, but a interpretation of these events that shape personality †¢Can reframe childhood experiences and consciously create a new style of life †¢Social interest – action line of ones community feeling, it is the capacity to cooperate and contribute to community.Striving for a better future for humanity †¢Social interest is innate, but also must be taught learned and used †¢Social interest is central indicator of health, feelings of inferiority and alienation diminish as social interest is developed. Expressed through shared activity and mutual respect †¢Community feeling – feelings of being connected to all of humanity, and being involved in making the world a better place. Lack of this causes people to become discouraged and end up on useless side of life. †¢Anxiety is the result of not feeling belonged. Must master 3 universal life tasks – building friendships, establishing intimacy, contributing to society. 2 added ones by mosak and dreikurs : getting along with ourselves and developing our spiritual dimension †¢Gives special attention to relationships between siblings and psychological birth position in ones family †¢Five positions: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only †¢Actual birth order less important than persons own view of where they are †¢Family relationships earliest and mots influential social system.Theory is of a social one †¢Therapeutic process -> forming a relationship based on mutual respect, lifestyle assessment; disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions -> reeducation of client towards useful side of life. Main aim to develop clients sense of belonging and assist in adoption of behaviours and processes characterized by community f eeling and social interest. Accomplished by increasing clients self awareness, and challenging and modifying his or her fundamental premises life goals and basic concepts. Alderians favour growth model of personality more then sickness model †¢Treatment focused on providing info, teaching, guiding, providing encouragement to discouraged individuals. Engouragement is most powerful method available for changing persons belief and helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage †¢Courage – willingness to act even when fearful in ways that are consistent with social nterest †¢Goals: Fostering social interest, helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and inferiority, modifying clients views and goals (changing their lifestyle), changing faulty motivation, encouraging the individual to recognize equality among people, helping people to become contributing members of society. Therapists look for major mistakes in thinking/values ie mistrust selfishness u nrealistic ambition lack of confidence †¢Therapists determine early social influences through a family constellation †¢Early recollections also used as assessment – They are stories of events that a person SAYS occurred before 10 years of age – Useful to help understand the client †¢Process of gathering early recollections is part of lifestyle assessment, learning understanding goals and motivations of client †¢Dreams help bring problems to surface and points to patients movement †¢Adlerian counselling focus on desired outcomes Private Logic – concepts about self, others, and life that constitute the philosophy on which an individuals life style is based †¢Steps in therapy : Establish proper therapeutic relationship; Explore the psychological dynamics operating in the client (an assessment); Encourage the development of self-understanding (insight into purpose); Help the client make new choices (reorientation and reeducation). Label led as Adlerian brief therapy †¢Step 1 – Establish Relationship – seek to make person to person contact with clients rather then starting with problem.Initial focus on person, not problem. Therapists provide support. Pay more attention to subjective experiences of clients than techniques. †¢Step 2 – Explore individuals psychological dynamics – deeper understanding of indivduals lifestyle. Proceeds from two interview forms, subjective interview and objective interview. Subjective interview, counsellor helps client tell his/her life story as completely as possible.Throughout interview, listen for purposive aspects of clients coping and approaches to life, extract patterns and develop hypotheses about what works for client. Often end subjective interview with question, â€Å"how would your life be different, what would you be doing differently if problem was not present†. Objective interview discovers information about how the problem began, any precipitating events, medial history, social history, reasons client chose therapy at this time, persons coping with life tasks, lifestyle assessment †¢Adler suggests it was hrough family constellation that each person forms his unique view of self others and life †¢Adlerian assessment relies on exploration of clients family constellation †¢Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories, we will remember the special ones that project essential convictions †¢Use early recollectio9n to assess persons convictions of self, others life, ethics, assessment of clients stance in relation to the counselling session and counselling relationship, verification of coping patterns, assessment of individual strengths assets and interfering ideas †¢After gathering info from both types of interviews, integration and summary is next †¢General mistakes: Overgeneralization, False or impossible goals of security, Misperceptions of life and lifes demands, min imization or denial of ones basic worth, faulty values. Phase 3 : Encourage Self-Understanding and Insight – Self understanding only possible when hidden purposes and goals of behaviour are made conscious. Interpretation deals with clients underlying motives for behaving the way they do in present. Adlerian interpretation usually are hunches and gusses. †¢Phase 4 – Reorientation and Reeducation – Focuses on helping people discover new and more functional perspectives. Clients encouraged to develop courage to take risks and make changes in their lives. Want to guide patients into the useful side of life at this point ( contributing to society, confidence, acceptance of imperfection, courage etc). Encouragement very important in this step. †¢Encouragement process helps build courage.Encouragement involves showing faith in people, expecting them to assume responsibility for their lives, and valuing them for who they are. †¢Discouragement is basic con dition that prevents people from functioning, encouragement is the antidote. †¢Clients make decisions and modify their goals in reorientation stage. Commitment very essential if they want to change. †¢Counsellors seek to make difference in lives of their clients. †¢Focus more on motivation modification rather then behavioural change. †¢Based on a growth model, not medical model †¢Flexible Chapter 6 Existential Therapy †¢More of a way of thinking than any style of psychotherapy †¢Neither ndependent nor separate school of therapy, nor neatly defined model with specific techniques †¢Best described as a philosophical approach which influences a counsellors therapeutic practice †¢Grounded on assumption that we’re free, therefore responsible for all our choices and actions, we are authors of our lives and design the pathways we follow †¢Rejects deterministic view of human nature espoused by psychoanalysis (Psychonanalysis sees freed om resitrcted by unconscious forces, irrational drives, past events, while behaviourists see freedom restricted by socioculture conditioning) †¢We are not victims of circumstances because we are what we choose to be. †¢Aim of therapy is to encourage clients to reflect on life, recognize their range of alternatives and decide amongst them. â€Å"Once individuals recognize their role in creating their own life situation, they realize they have the power to change it† †¢One of the aims is to challenge people to stop deceiving themselves regarding their lack of responsibility for whats happening to them and their excessive demands on life †¢Doesn’t view client as ill, and curing them like a medical model, but rather sick of life or clumsy at living. Attention given to clients present experiences with goal of helping them develop a greater presence in their life quest †¢Basic task to encourage clients to explore all their options for creating meanin gful existence †¢European existential perspective focused on human limitations + tragic dimensions of life †¢Soren Kierkegaard – primary concern of angst ( lies between dread and anxiety) Need knowledge of angst to become human. Need the willingness to risk a leap of faith in making choices †¢Freidrich Nietzsche – Importance of subjectivity. Kierkegard and Nietzsche considered originators of existential perspective †¢Martin Heidegger – We exist in the world, don’t try to think of ourselves as being apart from the world which were thrown †¢Moods and feelings are a way of understanding whether were living authentically or not.Phenomenology provides a view of human history that doesn’t focus on past events but motivates individuals to look forward to authentic experiences †¢Jean-Paul Sartre – Failure to acknowledge our freedom and choices results in emotional problems. Freedom is hard to face up to, invent excuses in bad faith. Existence is not fixed nor finished, when attempting to pin down who we are, we engage in self deception †¢Martin Buber – Humans live in â€Å"betweenness†, never just an I but always an other. Stresses Presence, which enables true I/Thou relationships; Allows for meaning to exist in a situation; Enables an individual to be responsible in the present. When a client therapist relationship becomes equal, we become dialogic †¢Ludwig Binswanger – Addresses relationship between person and his/her environment. â€Å"Thrown into the world† but still responsible for our choices and planning for future.Existential analysis emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. †¢Medard Boss – Being-in-the-world, aboility to reflect on life events and attribute meaning to these events. Therapist must enter clients subjective world without presuppositions. †¢Key figure Viktor Frankl for Existential Psychothera py †¢Many people have means to live, but no meaning to live for. Therapeutic process aimed at challenging individuals to find meaning and purpose through suffering work and love †¢Therapist must be in touch with his own phenomenological world †¢Givens of existence : death freedom, responsibility, existential isolation, and meaninglessness. Bases therapy based on understanding of what it means to be human †¢Focus on the individuals experience of being in the world alone and facing anxiety of the isolation †¢Believe humans are in constant state of transition, emerging, evolving, and becoming. †¢Basic dimensions of human condition: Capacity for self-awareness; freedom and responsibility; creating one’s identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others; the search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals; anxiety as a condition of living; awareness of death and nonbeing. †¢Capacity for Self-Awareness – Can reflect and make cho ices as we are capable of self awareness. Greater the awareness, greater the possibilities for freedom.Capacity to live fully expands as we expand awareness on areas such as: were finite and don’t have unlimited time to do what we want; potential to take action or not to act; choose our actions; meaning is discovering how were situated in the world then living creatively; increase our sense of responsibility for consequences of choices through increased awareness; subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt and isolation; alone, yet we have an opportunity to relate to others. Decision to expand fundamental to human growth. Increasing self awareness goal for all therapy †¢Freedom and Responsibility – freedom implies responsibility for our own lives. Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded commitment or choosing not to choose.Authenticity implies were living by being true to our own evaluations of what a valuable existence is to oneself. Being free and being human are the same. Assuming responsibility is the basis for change. †¢Striving for Identity and Relationship to Others – Creating an identity requires courage, strive for connectedness with others. Awareness of our finite nature gives us appreciation of ultimate concerns. Courage entails the will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situations. Self awareness can help make everything easier for the client, and clients having the courage to admit things is a good indicator. Strength of aloneness, isolation.A function of therapy is to help clients distinguish between a neurotically dependent attachment to another and a life affirming relationship in which both persons are enhanced. Fear of dealing with aloneness can cause one being trapped. †¢Search for meaning – Existential therapy can provide framework for helping clients challenge the meaning in their lives. Therapists trust is important in helping clients trust their own capacity t o discover a new source of values. Meaninglessness in life can lead to emptiness and hollowness, or a existential vacuum. Often happens when people are not busying themselves. Establishing values that are part of a meaningful life are issues that become the heart of counselling. Logotherapy designed to help clients find a meaning in life.Therapist should be pointing out clients can discover meaning even in suffering. Shows human suffering can be turned to human achievement. Like pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. †¢Anxiety as a condition of living – Anxiety arises from personal strivings to survive and maintain and assert one’s being. Existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted with givens of existence – death, freedom, choice, isolation, meaninglessness. Existential anxiety can be a stimulus for growth. Anxiety can indicate when a person is ready for personal change. Can’t survive without anxiety. Neurotic anxiety is out of proportion to the situation, not aware of it, and tends to immobilize a person.Van deurzen says that existential therapy not to make life seem easier or more comfortable, but to encourage clients to recognize and deal with sources of their insecurity and anxiety. More self confidence leads to less anxiety. †¢Awareness of Death and Nonbeing – Death is not negatively, but hold awareness to death as a basic human condition which gives significance to living. Necessary to think of death when thinking significantly of life. Death should be a motivation to live fully. Awareness of death is a source for zest for life and creativity. People who fear death fear life. Realization of death makes us realize more clearly our actions count, we have choices, we must accept responsibility for how well we are living. Existential therapy considered an invitation to clients to recognize the ways in which they aren’t living a fully authentic life and to help them make choices that will lead to what they are capable of being. †¢Assist clients moving toward authenticity and learning to recognize when they are deceiving themselves †¢No escape from freedom, we are always responsible †¢Helps clients face anxiety and engage in action that is based on the authentic purpose of creating a worthy existence †¢Teach clients to listen to what they know of themselves †¢Assist clients in recognizing they aren’t fully present in therapy and to show them how the pattern may limit them outside of therapy; support clients in confronting anxieties; help clients redefine themselves †¢Increased awareness is central goal †¢Therapist need to understand subjective world of client Clients are expected to go out into world and decide how they’ll live differently and must be active in therapy process, as they must decide what fears guilt and anxieties they will explore †¢Major themes of therapy sessions include anxiety, freedom, responsibility, search for identity, living authentically, isolation, alienation, death and its implications for living, continual search for meaning. Assist people in facing life with courage hope and a willingness to find meaning in life †¢Therapists strive to create caring and intimate relationships with clients, core of the relationship is respect. Display genuine concern and empathy. †¢Not technique oriented †¢Priority to understand the clients world. †¢In initial phase, therapist assists clients in identifying and clarifying assumptions of the world. †¢In middle phase, clients encouraged to fully examine source and authority of their present value system. Final phase focuses on helping people take what they are learning of themselves and put it into action †¢Appropriate for people with developmental crises, experiencing grief and loss, confronting death, facing a major life decision †¢Most appropriate for clients that are commited to dealing with their problems about living and for people who feel alienated from the current expectations of society or those searching for the meaning of their lives †¢Highly relevant in multicultural context, doesn’t have a particular way of viewing or relating to reality, broad perspective †¢Main limitation is the level of maturity, life experience, and intensive training that’s required of practitioners. Chapter 1, 2, 3 †¢Counselor must be authentic and shed stereotypes, otherwise client will keep themselves hidden †¢Therapists serve as models for clients, clients will take from us. Effective therapists have: Identity, respect and appreciate themselves, open to change, make choices that are life oriented, authentic, sincere, honest, sense of humor, make mistakes and willing to admit them, live in present, appreciate influence of culture, have sincere interest in welfare of others, effective interpersonal skills, deeply involved in their work, are passio nate, able to maintain healthy boundaries †¢Having been a patient first greatly contributes to being a counsellor †¢Counsellors role is to create a climate in which clients can express themselves and arrive at solutions that are best for them, and their values not your own. †¢Mandatory ethics – view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice †¢Aspirational ethics – higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interest of clients †¢Positive ethics – do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble †¢Difficult to strike a balance for informed consent †¢

The Business Lifecycle Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Business Lifecycle - Personal Statement Example I have been very keen on how businesses are started and what entails the whole startup process and I have found out that one of the most important issues to be tackled is the legal issues. I was thinking like there was no problem provided that the business I’m intending to start is a legal one, but to my surprise, my research has shown me otherwise. Company law, a book by CR, Datta, clearly shows that there are a lot of legal issues to be looked into before a business is allowed to operate. Some of them are the registration of the business name, application for health and sanitary permits and seeking permission for building premises to be used by the business. The business should also adhere to Acts and statutes governing what they practice. A look into the Horizon Electronics business plan also confirmed the same to me since they have clearly documented their adherence to the relevant regulations, registration, and drafting of contracts. In my research and coursework, I have also learned that a business has to undergo various stages before it is termed as mature. Charlie Gilkey in his book the business life-cycle offers an overview of stages of a business life cycle. He names them as the inspirational stage where an entrepreneur has a business idea but has not yet implemented it, the entry stage where then entrepreneur has decided to start a business and is actively building the market, the growth stage where the entrepreneurs have a business plan and are growing their revenue streams with new clients and customers, the crucible stage where the demand for goods and services outstrip the entrepreneurs ability to meet them, and finally the cruise stage where the entrepreneur has found solutions to the problems and is moving ahead (Gilkey, 2010). In my view, business requires a lot of hard work and sacrifice especially in its initial stages of development. This is because I have come to learn that there are many challenges associated with this stage of a b usiness. One of the major challenges is that of finding a market for your output. It is a fact that without a market for the output, the core objective of doing business: making profits will not be attained. Proper market research (an organized effort to gather information about customers) should, therefore, be performed before the business is commenced. I tend to believe that it is very essential for this to be done keenly because it also gives an outline on how to market the product. Market research also provides information about the prevailing market trends in the industry and the current market prices for similar goods.  

Business Accounts and Users of Financial Statements Research Paper

Business Accounts and Users of Financial Statements - Research Paper Example This paper tells that each of the users  of financial statements has different needs and interest in financial information. First, investors require financial information to assist in making investment decisions. Before putting their resources for investment purposes, investors have to evaluate the performance of firms to establish whether the businesses can enable them to earn their required rate of return (Fess & Warren 1993). This would help them make an investment decision and determine what amount to invest in a firm. Shareholders are also interested in the financial performance of the firm as it determines the dividends they will receive and the worth of their investment. Firms with good financial performance well will have good share prices and shareholders will need this financial information to determine whether to sell their shares or buy more shares (Nikolai, Bazley, & Jones 2009). Lenders are the second users of financial information. Lenders are either individuals or f inancial institutions that offer loans to firms that are need of funds. Before making their lending decision in terms of whether to lend and what amount to give to firms. They have to look at the financial performance to determine the risk of their money. The lenders will be interested in the performance of the firm within the duration of their loan (Fess & Warren 1993). In addition, the employees and their unions are also interested parties of a firm’s financial statement. Employees put their efforts in ensuring that the firm achieves their objectives and therefore need feedback on their performance. They also require the financial statements as a basis for bargaining for their increment in remuneration and other benefits like retirement.  The employees also need financial information to help in the formulation of new strategies that are meant for improving the performance of the organization. Financial information as well is needed by the employees to determine the organi zation continued existence for job security purposes. Creditors and suppliers are also interested in the financial information to determine the ability of the business to pay their owing debt as they fall due. This group is interested in the short term liquidity of the business rather than the long term performance (Deloitte 2011). Firms with good financial performance will have reliable creditors. Moreover, customers are also interested in the financial performance of the business in cases where they are interested in long term relationship with the business. Customers who depend solely on the business for their products will need to require surety of the business continued existence. Notwithstanding, the government authorities be it federal or state need the financial information for regulatory purposes. The security exchange authority will need financial information to determine the policies and to determine the national income of the country (Deloitte 2011). They also require fi nancial performance as a way of determining the soundness of the capital markets. The public may also be interested in the financial performance especially to businesses that affect the general public good. The public closely monitors businesses that are major employers or contribute substantially to the economy (Kravitz 1999).  

Changes in the United States after the Civil War Research Paper

Changes in the United States after the Civil War - Research Paper Example These changes are visible in political, economic as well as social fields. A new scenario was visible during this war, which had eventually changed the life of the citizens. The causes of the war are numerous, but fortunately, the changes that took place thereafter proved to be more positive than those the earlier wars had brought. This paper addresses the changes within the country after the Civil War. Thesis Statement: The American Civil War gained individuals their rights and freedom as well as brought about many economical changes that helped to shape America. The causes of Civil War were identified to be numerous but the main causes among them were found to be slavery, economic and social differences within the country, issues regarding rights of the states, and the election of Abraham Lincoln. The economic and social differences between the southern and northern parts of the country also contributed to the war, as the latter region was characterized by industrialization and urb anization while the former was an agrarian economy. The industrialized northern part had an advantage over the other and, thus, they won the war. The country’s rights were limited as the federal government enjoyed more power and this induced a protest against the federal government, therefore, causing the Civil War. ... 6). Economical Changes: The economic changes succeeding any war are found to be negative as the destruction caused by the war pull back the economic condition of a country since a huge amount of cost is involved. â€Å"The struggle to define the composition of â€Å"the people† and the republic in the new postwar and post-emancipation South was hardly settled by the American Civil War. But there was no going back. It was not just that slavery was abolished and the confederacy destroyed, but that the slaveholders’ stunning experiment in proslavery and antidemocratic nation building was over† (McCurry 2010, p. 361). Devastating economic changes were visible on both regions, but the southern part witnessed more destruction comparatively. The Civil War proved to be more costly, but later, economic transformation was mainly visible in the lives of planters, former slaves, and non slave whites. Mostly all the plantations in the southern region were destroyed in the war . Likewise, in the northern region, many big cities were destroyed including Richmond and Vicksburg. The youth labor force was less due to the atrocities of the war and therefore the country could offer only a weakened labor force. The economic condition of the country remained below the poverty line for several decades. The southern part still remained agrarian but the relation between the laborers and planters witnessed a change for the better. The major reason for this change was found to be abolition of slavery, which in turn led to a decrease in racial discrimination. The former black slaves who worked on lands owned by whites, after war, could work on their own lands. The economic changes were seen to be negative as the economic resources got destroyed during the war. Individual’s

Argument essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument - Essay Example For example, media nowadays are eventually used for product promotion, company endorsement, popularizing a personality, and many more (Hardy, 100). In other words, there can be many things to be done by simply taking media into one’s hand. Most of them are creative in nature. To cite an instance, it is important to substantially consider the case of product promotion or other relevant endorsement just to gain sympathy or attention from the target audience. Most often, it is viewed in television and other relevant media how creative these strings of endorsements could turn out. For example, using the concept of viral marketing, there is a need or consideration of speed. Just to be able to hit this objective, creative means are substantially employed along the process. At some point, creative methodological approaches are substantially included just to be able to hit specific objectives. In the case of Burger King for instance, its idea about viral marketing was substantially ap plied in order to gain remarkable attention about its product or service offerings. In this way, media have become productive tools in order to help a specific party to reach its competitive edge over the other or obtain specific objectives. ... Others on the other hand were applauded due to remarkable showcase of something what they got. For instance, the creation of Youtube and other social networking sites allow an individual to create something that would make a difference in the world. In fact, many personalities have paved their way through the ladder of success because of the media. In whatever point it may serve, the bottom line was to intentionally inform the public so as the same would create impression, response or opinion on the subject matter. This is a remarkable proof that the media could not only bring forward creative strategies only at the other side of the coin. They could potentially establish any relevant issues, situations, concerns or any possibilities of everything because they all have the power to inform the public and connect to people’s lives, in almost every walk, provided they would be allocated at some point in a highly creative way. In fact, media have become elemental components on how the elected officials in the US were able to successfully gain popular votes in the election. It is therefore clear that taking the media into the people’s hands could become susceptible to manipulation, exploitation in either good or bad intentions, which could provide either good or bad results. Some good results of the media however would include keeping the public informed with the right information. The people deserve to know the truth, and in many years the media have proven effective tools in doing so. For example, the fight against terroristic acts was dominated by the media when it comes to information dissemination. In fact, there were various terroristic attempts

International Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Law - Research Paper Example The creator has a right over his â€Å"intellectual creation.† Pedreira of Lawyers.com expounds further that, intellectual property law protects the creative works of authors, composers, designers, and inventors from being pirated or copied without their consent. His intellectual property right over his creation or invention may be modified as when he enters into a license agreement. In such an agreement the creator gives someone permission to do a certain activity to or to use his intellectual creation. The firm that obtains the license agreement can now distribute the intellectual creation or â€Å"goods† within the domestic and international market. As the domestic and global operations of the small firm expands, demands increase and consequent production triples, the small firm might not be able to handle the costs for the same. The solution is to borrow capital. If there are insufficient investors from the country, it may become necessary to seek investors outside of the country. This is called foreign direct investment and is defined by Graham of Citibank â€Å"as a company from one country making a physical investment in buildings, machinery and equipments. Such investments require planning for the risks that will occur in your business.† Planning is crucial to the success of the endeavor. This process is called Managing risks. This necessitates insurance coverage to cover most if not all possible risk factors. Cruz (1982) defines International law as â€Å"that branch of public law which regulates the relations of states and of other entities which have been granted an international personality.† An article appearing in the Cornell University’s Law School’ website expounds on this definition. Accordingly, there is a public international law and a private one. Public International law refers to questions of rights between several nations; or questions between nations and the citizens of other nations.

Strang Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strang Steel - Essay Example Gross Profit Margin: This ratio tells the profit of the firm in relation to sales, after the cost of producing the goods is deducted. Over the three years, the gross profit has been declining showing the inefficiency of Strang Steel's operations.Net Profit Margin: This ratio depicts the profit in relation to sales that a firm earns after taking account of all the expenses and taxes. It tells a firm's net income per dollar of sales. The net profit has also been declining over the three years showing that Strang Steel's sales profitability has declined. This could be attributed to the expenses rising steadily over the three years and eating out of the profits.Return on Equity: This ratio shows the return earned on the funds invested by the shareholders of the company. This ratio is also on the decline over the three years showing that the shareholders are getting less and less of their worth and the company is providing weak investment opportunities.Current Ratio: This ratio measures t he firm's ability to meet short-term obligations. It shows the effectiveness of the utilization of current assets to meet short-term liabilities. Strang Steel's current ratio has declined steadily in the three years showing that the current assets are proving less and less useful in meeting the current liabilities and hence the inability of the company to pay its bills. Quick Ratio: This ratio is more conservative in its approach to measuring a firm's liquidity position as it excludes inventories (the least liquid portion of the current assets). This ratio is between currents assets excluding stocks and current liabilities. From the year 2003 to 2004, the quick ratio has increased showing that the firm is efficiently meeting its short-term obligations but from year 2004 to 2005, the ratio has dipped showing the current assets have not been utilized in the proper manner to maintain the rising trend of the previous years. Average Collection Period: This ratio tells us the average number of days that receivables are outstanding before being collected. From the year 2003 to year 2004, the days have risen showing that Strang Steel has a very lenient policy with regard to collecting its receivables and the debtors are taking a long time in paying their dues. Having too many receivables is not good for the money as a lot of money is tied up which could be invested elsewhere. However, from the year 2004 to 2005, the number of days has sharply declined showing the change of the management's policy regarding receivables and the debtors paying up in just 20 days. Inventory Turnover in Days: This ratio illustrates the number of days on average before inventory is turned into accounts receivables through sales. The number of days has declined over the three years showing that Strang Steel has gotten effective each year in turning its inventory into sales. Total Asset Turnover: This ratio shows the relationship of sales to total assets. This ratio has increas